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ANAT 7215 Medical Neuroscience Exam with Questions and Correct Answers 100% Accurately Rated (Score A)-East Carolina University
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Thalamic inputs go to what layer of the cortex normally Specific - layer 4 Non-specific - layer 1 or 6 Inputs from other cortical areas go to which layer of the cortex normally All layers Inputs from callosal or commissural go to which layer of the cortex normally Layer 3 Neuromodulary inputs normally go to which layer of the cortex All layers
Four types of outputs from the cortex and what layers they come from Cortico-cortical & callosal efferents - layers 2 & 3, sometimes 5 & 6 Cortico-Basal Ganglia - layer 5 Cortico-thalamic - layers 5 & 6, all cortex that receives thalamic input sends projection back to thalamus Long projection - layer 5, travel to brainstem/spinal cord How do the visual fields show up on the brain and the thalamus? Example: Visual fields are inverted on the retina Right visual field is displayed on medial right retina (inverted) & left lateral retina then crosses optic chiasm (only nasal side of retina crosses) then is displayed on left lateral geniculate nucleus in the thalamus than on the left striate cortex (primary visual cortex) still inverted with upper right visual field below the calcarine fissure & the lower right visual field above the calcarine fissure Damage to myers loop in temporal lobe can cause? Upper visual field deficit Damage to caudal parts of the parietal lobe/rostral occipital lobe can cause what visual deficit Lower visual field deficit
damage to inferior parietal cortex can cause hemi-spatial neglect - patient only draws one side of an object damage to which brain area can cause apraxia
indifference & apathy
pain vs nociception pain: subjective & emotional nociception: information about tissue damage & processing of noxious stimuli; not involved in perception of pain three types of free nerve endings of nociceptors lightly myelinated: A-delta Mechanical - low thresholds of crushing pressure A-delta Thermal - low thresholds for heat unmyelinated: C Polymoidal - high threshold for heat & mechanical stimulation thresholds, adaptation, & receptive field size of nociceptors in general slow adapting high thresholds large receptive fields nociceptors release what when activated substance p which causes mast cells to release serotonin & histamine which decreases the activation threshold
neuropathic vs. dysfunctional pain neuropathic: chronic pain that is initiated by nervous system and has identifiable source dysfunctional: no identifiable source NSAIDS work by Inhibiting cyclooxygenase enzyme (an enzyme that normally produces prostaglandins) opioids work by binding to endogenous opiod receptors which inhibit nociceptors
where are taste sensitivities on the tongue for the four main tastes taste receptors are long or short receptors long - generate action potential within the cell salty taste receptors amiloride sensitive Na+ channels - not voltage gated & are open at rest sour receptor H+ sensitive channels bitter & umami receptors both use g-proteins as secondary messengers --> activates IP3 --> opens Ca2+ channels sweet receptors G-proteins
static receptors in the ear maculae of utricle & saccule
repolarization hair bundle deflection bi-directional only toward kinocilium: depolarization - > more APs in post-synaptic sensory neuron away from kinocilium: repolarization --> less APs in post-synaptic sensory neuron
static receptors are embedded in otolithic membrane - shifts with tilting of head pull hair cells with it the macula in the utricle is: the macula in the saccule is: U: horizontal S: vertical rotational acceleration of semicircular canals causes relative fluid movement in the canal (coffee mug) --> deflects hair bundles in the scapula semicircular canals complimentary pairs Neocortex Phylogenetically more recent, 90% of cortex, 6 basic layers of neurons allocortex
Inhibitory non-pyramidal neurons No spines on dendrites Local circuit interneurons Shape allows for very specific interactions with parts of the post-synaptic cell Very important for balancing signals and decreasing noise from unwanted signals 6 layers of neocortex and what each contains 1: molecular layer - contains apical dendritic tufts of pyramidal cells & axons from neurons in other regions 2 & 3: usually considered together - contains small to medium pyramids projecting to other cortical areas 4: granular layer - contains many small spiny stellate cells, main input layer to thalamocortical axons 5: contains very large pyramidal cells projecting very long distances to the brainstem and spinal cord 6: contains small to medium pyramidal cells projecting medium distances Horizontal myelinated axons vs vertical myelinated axons Horizontal - two bands (bands of baillarger) - mostly communication between areas of the cortex
Vertical - mostly cortical efferents Which part of the brain is mostly agranular - absent layer 4 Limbic cortex Difference in function of primary cortex and association cortex Primary - map or represent information from one modality, receives direct input from thalamus Association - integrates information from multiple modalities, mapping not as precise 6 primary cortical areas (Brodmann areas) that were specifically mentioned Areas 1, 2, 3: primary somatosensory cortex Area 4: primary motor cortex Area 17: primary visual cortex Area 41: primary auditory cortex vestibulo-ocular reflex What reflex enables the eyes to remain focused on a target while the head is turning
