1
Introduction
Chapter 1
1.1 What is an operating system
1.2 History of operating systems
1.3 The operating system zoo
1.4 Computer hardware review
1.5 Operating system concepts
1.6 System calls
1.7 Operating system structure
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An Operating System - Lecture Notes | CSE 585, Study notes of Operating Systems
Material Type: Notes; Class: Design of Operating Systems; Subject: Computer Engineering; University: Syracuse University; Term: Unknown 1989;
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Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 What is an operating system1.2 History of operating systems1.3 The operating system zoo1.4 Computer hardware review1.5 Operating system concepts1.6 System calls1.7 Operating system structure
Introduction • A computer system consists of – hardware – system programs – application programs
History of Operating Systems (1) •^ First generation 1945 - 1955^ –^ vacuum tubes, plug boards^ –^ entire rooms full of vacuum tubes, and later relays^ –^ millions of times slower than today’s cheapest PC’s^ –^ no programming language; hard-wired circuit boards controlledlogic of basic operations •^ Second generation 1955 - 1965^ –^ Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and relays^ –^ now called main frames^ –^ job on punch cards^ –^ batch systems arose out of need to share/multiplex expensivehardware resource^ –^ largely programmed in Fortran and Assembly^ –^ Typical OS – FMS (Fortran Monitor System)
History of Operating Systems (2) Early batch system^ –^ Bring cards with multiple jobs to 1401^ –^ read cards to tape^ –^ put tape on 7094 which does computing^ –^ put tape on 1401 which prints output from alljobs
History of Operating Systems (4) • Third generation 1965 – 1980^ –^ ICs^ –^ scalability^ •^ IBM 360 Family^ •^ one size fits all (scientific & commercial); resultedin complex OS.^ –^ multiprogramming^ •^ Use CPU for other tasks while current programwaits on I/O to complete^ •^ Ability to add jobs while others; SPOOLing(Simultaneous Peripheral Operation On Line)
History of Operating Systems (5)^ • Multiprogramming system^ –^ three jobs in memory
History of Operating Systems (7) • Fourth generation 1980 – present^ –^ personal computers^ –^ DOS^ –^ Windows 3.x^ •^ Really, just a program running on top of DOS^ –^ Windows 95, 98^ •^ First “real” OS; still used DOS for booting andrunning command shells^ –^ Windows NT
History of Operating Systems (8) • Fourth generation (Continued)^ –^ Network OS^ •^ Allow transparent access to other computers and filesystems on the network.^ –^ Distributed OS^ •^ Allow transparent access to other CPU’s^ •^ A single application may be running on multipleCPUs (if program written in a manner to allow it)
The Operating System Zoo (2) • Personal computer operating systems^ –^ User friendly GUI’s • Real-time operating systems^ –^ Guaranteed service delivery^ –^ Hi resolution clock services^ –^ Predictable interrupt services^ –^ VxWorks, PCOS, Linux RT • Embedded operating systems^ –^ Small, light weight^ –^ Specific services for specific types of hardware^ –^ Base kernel + board support packages • Smart card operating systems^ –^ Very small, light weight, service limitations, resource constrained
Computer Hardware Review (1)^ Monitor • Components of a simple personal computer
Bus
Computer Hardware Review (3)^ • Typical memory hierarchy^ –^ numbers shown are rough approximations
Computer Hardware Review (4)^ Structure of a disk drive
Computer Hardware Review (6)^ (a)^ (a) Steps in starting an I/O device and getting interrupt(b) How the CPU is interrupted
(b)
Computer Hardware Review (7) Structure of a large Pentium system(Multiple Busses)
Structure of original PC architecture(Single Bus) ISA Bus