An Introduction to LATEX and AMS-LATEX, Study notes of Mathematics

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Math into L

A

TEX

An Introduction to LATEX and AMS-LATEX

This book is dedicated to those who worked so hard

and for so long to bring these important tools to us:

The LATEX3 team

and in particular

Frank Mittelbach (project leader) and David Carlisle

The AMS team

and in particular

Michael J. Downes (project leader) and David M. Jones

George Gr¨atzer Department of Mathematics University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada R3T 2N

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Gr¨atzer, George A. Math into LaTeX : an introduction to LaTeX and AMS-LaTeX / George Gr¨atzer p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 0-8176-3805-9 (acid-free paper) (pbk. : alk. paper)

1. AMS-LaTeX. 2. Mathematics printing–Computer programs.
2. Computerized typesetting. I. Title. Z253.4A65G69 1995 95- 688.2′2544536–dc20 CIP

Printed on acid-free paper ©c Birkh¨auser Boston 1996

All rights reserved.

Typeset by the Author in LATEX Design, layout, and typography by Mery Sawdey, Minneapolis, MN

Short contents

Preface xviii

Introduction xix

I A short course 1

1 Typing your first article 3

II Text and math 59

2 Typing text 61

3 Text environments 111

4 Typing math 140

5 Multiline math displays 180

III Document structure 209

6 LATEX documents 211

7 Standard LATEX document classes 235

8 AMS -LATEX documents 243

v

Contents

Preface xviii

Introduction xix

• IV Customizing
• 9 Customizing LATEX
• V Long bibliographies and indexes
• 10 B IBTEX
• 11 MakeIndex
• A Math symbol tables
• B Text symbol tables
• C The AMS -LATEX sample article
• D Sample article with user-defined commands
• E Background
• F PostScript fonts
• G Getting it
• H Conversions
• I Final word
• Bibliography
• Afterword
• Index
• I A short course Typographical conventions xxvi
• 1 Typing your first article
• 1.1 Typing a very short “article”
• 1.1.1 The keyboard
• 1.1.2 Your first note
• 1.1.3 Lines too wide
• 1.1.4 More text features
• 1.2 Typing math
• 1.2.1 The keyboard
• 1.2.2 A note with math
• 1.2.3 Building blocks of a formula
• 1.2.4 Building a formula step-by-step
• 1.3 Formula gallery
• 1.4 Typing equations and aligned formulas
• 1.4.1 Equations
• 1.4.2 Aligned formulas
• 1.5 The anatomy of an article
• 1.5.1 The typeset article
• 1.6 Article templates
• 1.7 Your first article
• 1.7.1 Editing the top matter
• 1.7.2 Sectioning viii Contents
• 1.7.3 Invoking proclamations
• 1.7.4 Inserting references
• 1.8 LATEX error messages
• 1.9 Logical and visual design
• 1.10 A brief overview
• 1.11 Using LATEX
• 1.11.1 AMS-LATEX revisited
• 1.11.2 Interactive LATEX
• 1.11.3 Files
• 1.11.4 Versions
• 1.12 What’s next?
• II Text and math
• 2 Typing text
• 2.1 The keyboard
• 2.1.1 The basic keys
• 2.1.2 Special keys
• 2.1.3 Prohibited keys
• 2.2 Words, sentences, and paragraphs
• 2.2.1 The spacing rules
• 2.2.2 The period
• 2.3 Instructing LATEX
• 2.3.1 Commands and environments
• 2.3.2 Scope
• 2.3.3 Types of commands
• 2.4 Symbols not on the keyboard
• 2.4.1 Quotes
• 2.4.2 Dashes
• 2.4.3 Ties or nonbreakable spaces
• 2.4.4 Special characters
• 2.4.5 Ligatures
• 2.4.6 Accents and symbols in text
• 2.4.7 Logos and numbers
• 2.4.8 Hyphenation
• 2.5 Commenting out
• 2.6 Changing font characteristics
• 2.6.1 The basic font characteristics
• 2.6.2 The document font families
• 2.6.3 Command pairs
• 2.6.4 Shape commands
• 2.6.5 Italic correction Contents ix
• 2.6.6 Two-letter commands
• 2.6.7 Series
• 2.6.8 Size changes
• 2.6.9 Orthogonality
• 2.6.10 Boxed text
• 2.7 Lines, paragraphs, and pages
• 2.7.1 Lines
• 2.7.2 Paragraphs
• 2.7.3 Pages
• 2.7.4 Multicolumn printing
• 2.8 Spaces
• 2.8.1 Horizontal spaces
• 2.8.2 Vertical spaces
• 2.8.3 Relative spaces
• 2.8.4 Expanding spaces
• 2.9 Boxes
• 2.9.1 Line boxes
• 2.9.2 Paragraph boxes
• 2.9.3 Marginal comments
• 2.9.4 Solid boxes
• 2.9.5 Fine-tuning boxes
• 2.10 Footnotes
• 2.10.1 Fragile commands
• 2.11 Splitting up the file
• 2.11.1 Input and include
• 2.11.2 Combining files
• 3 Text environments
• 3.1 List environments
• 3.1.1 Numbered lists: enumerate
• 3.1.2 Bulleted lists: itemize
• 3.1.3 Captioned lists: description
• 3.1.4 Rule and combinations
• 3.2 Tabbing environment
• 3.3 Miscellaneous displayed text environments
• 3.4 Proclamations (theorem-like structures)
• 3.4.1 The full syntax
• 3.4.2 Proclamations with style
• 3.5 Proof environment
• 3.6 Some general rules for displayed text environments
• 3.7 Tabular environment
• 3.8 Style and size environments x Contents
• 4 Typing math
• 4.1 Math environments
• 4.2 The spacing rules
• 4.3 The equation environment
• 4.4 Basic constructs
• 4.4.1 Arithmetic
• 4.4.2 Subscripts and superscripts
• 4.4.3 Roots
• 4.4.4 Binomial coefficients
• 4.4.5 Integrals
• 4.4.6 Ellipses
• 4.5 Text in math
• 4.6 Delimiters
• 4.6.1 Delimiter tables
• 4.6.2 Delimiters of fixed size
• 4.6.3 Delimiters of variable size
• 4.6.4 Delimiters as binary relations
• 4.7 Operators
• 4.7.1 Operator tables
• 4.7.2 Declaring operators
• 4.7.3 Congruences
• 4.8 Sums and products
• 4.8.1 Large operators
• 4.8.2 Multiline subscripts and superscripts
• 4.9 Math accents
• 4.10 Horizontal lines that stretch
• 4.10.1 Horizontal braces
• 4.10.2 Over and underlines
• 4.10.3 Stretchable arrow math symbols
• 4.11 The spacing of symbols
• 4.12 Building new symbols
• 4.12.1 Stacking symbols
• 4.12.2 Declaring the type
• 4.13 Vertical spacing
• 4.14 Math alphabets and symbols
• 4.14.1 Math alphabets
• 4.14.2 Math alphabets of symbols
• 4.14.3 Bold math symbols
• 4.14.4 Size changes
• 4.14.5 Continued fractions
• 4.15 Tagging and grouping Contents xi
• 4.16 Generalized fractions
• 4.17 Boxed formulas
• 5 Multiline math displays
• 5.1 Gathering formulas
• 5.2 Splitting a long formula
• 5.3 Some general rules
• 5.3.1 The subformula rule
• 5.3.2 Group numbering
• 5.4 Aligned columns
• 5.4.1 The subformula rule revisited
• 5.4.2 Align variants
• 5.4.3 Intertext
• 5.5 Aligned subsidiary math environments
• 5.5.1 Subsidiary variants of aligned math environments
• 5.5.2 Split
• 5.6 Adjusted columns
• 5.6.1 Matrices
• 5.6.2 Arrays
• 5.6.3 Cases
• 5.7 Commutative diagrams
• 5.8 Pagebreak
• III Document structure
• 6 LATEX documents
• 6.1 The structure of a document
• 6.2 The preamble
• 6.3 Front matter
• 6.3.1 Abstract
• 6.3.2 Table of contents
• 6.4 Main matter
• 6.4.1 Sectioning
• 6.4.2 Cross-referencing
• 6.4.3 Tables and figures
• 6.5 Back matter
• 6.5.1 Bibliography in an article
• 6.5.2 Index
• 6.6 Page style
• 7 Standard LATEX document classes xii Contents
• 7.1 The article, report, and book document classes
• 7.1.1 More on sectioning
• 7.1.2 Options
• 7.2 The letter document class
• 7.3 The LATEX distribution
• 7.3.1 Tools
• 8 AMS -LATEX documents
• 8.1 The three AMS document classes
• 8.1.1 Font size commands
• 8.2 The top matter
• 8.2.1 Article info
• 8.2.2 Author info
• 8.2.3 AMS info
• 8.2.4 Multiple authors
• 8.2.5 Examples
• 8.3 AMS article template
• 8.4 Options
• 8.4.1 Math options
• 8.5 The AMS-LATEX packages
• IV Customizing
• 9 Customizing LATEX
• 9.1 User-defined commands
• 9.1.1 Commands as shorthand
• 9.1.2 Arguments
• 9.1.3 Redefining commands
• 9.1.4 Optional arguments
• 9.1.5 Redefining names
• 9.1.6 Showing the meaning of commands
• 9.2 User-defined environments
• 9.2.1 Short arguments
• 9.3 Numbering and measuring
• 9.3.1 Counters
• 9.3.2 Length commands
• 9.4 Delimited commands
• 9.5 A custom command file
• 9.6 Custom lists
• 9.6.1 Length commands for the list environment
• 9.6.2 The list environment
• 9.6.3 Two complete examples Contents xiii
• 9.6.4 The trivlist environment
• 9.7 Custom formats
• V Long bibliographies and indexes
• 10 B IBTEX
• 10.1 The database
• 10.1.1 Entry types
• 10.1.2 Articles
• 10.1.3 Books
• 10.1.4 Conference proceedings and collections
• 10.1.5 Theses
• 10.1.6 Technical reports
• 10.1.7 Manuscripts
• 10.1.8 Other entry types
• 10.1.9 Abbreviations
• 10.2 Using B IBTEX
• 10.2.1 The sample files
• 10.2.2 The setup
• 10.2.3 The four steps of B IBTEXing
• 10.2.4 The files of B IBTEX
• 10.2.5 B IBTEX rules and messages
• 10.2.6 Concluding comments
• 11 MakeIndex
• 11.1 Preparing the document
• 11.2 Index entries
• 11.3 Processing the index entries
• 11.4 Rules
• 11.5 Glossary
• A Math symbol tables
• B Text symbol tables
• C The AMS -LATEX sample article
• D Sample article with user-defined commands
• E Background xiv Contents
• E.1 A short history
• E.1.1 The first interim solution
• E.1.2 The second interim solution
• E.2 How does it work?
• E.2.1 The layers
• E.2.2 Typesetting
• E.2.3 Viewing and printing
• E.2.4 The files of LATEX
• F PostScript fonts
• F.1 The Times font and MathTıme
• F.2 LucidaBright fonts
• G Getting it
• G.1 Getting TEX
• G.2 Where to get it?
• G.3 Getting ready
• G.4 Transferring files
• G.5 More advanced file transfer commands
• G.6 The sample files
• G.7 AMS and the user groups
• H Conversions
• H.1 From Plain TEX
• H.1.1 TEX code in LATEX
• H.2 From LATEX
• H.2.1 Version 2e
• H.2.2 Version 2.09
• H.2.3 The LATEX symbols
• H.3 From AMS-TEX
• H.4 From AMS-LATEX version 1.1
• I Final word
• I.1 What was left out?
• I.1.1 Omitted from LATEX
• I.1.2 Omitted from TEX
• I.2 Further reading
• Bibliography
• Afterword
• Index
• 2.1 Special characters List of tables
• 2.2 Font table for Computer Modern typewriter style font
• 2.3 European accents
• 2.4 Extra text symbols
• 2.5 European characters
• 2.6 Font family switching commands
• 3.1 Tabular table
• 3.2 Floating table with \multicolumn
• 3.3 Tabular table with \multicolumn and \cline
• 4.1 Standard delimiters
• 4.2 Arrow delimiters
• 4.3 Operators without limits
• 4.4 Operators with limits
• 4.5 Congruences
• 4.6 Large operators
• 4.7 Math accents
• 4.8 Spacing commands
• 9.1 Table of redefinable names in LATEX
• 9.2 Standard LATEX counters
• A.1 Hebrew letters
• A.2 Greek characters
• A.3 LATEX binary relations
• A.4 AMS binary relations
• A.5 AMS negated binary relations
• A.6 Binary operations xvi List of tables
• A.7 Arrows
• A.8 Miscellaneous symbols
• A.9 Math spacing commands
• A.10 Delimiters
• A.11 Operators
• A.12 Math accents
• A.13 Math font commands
• B.1 Special text characters
• B.2 Text accents
• B.3 Some European characters
• B.4 Extra text symbols
• B.5 Text spacing commands
• B.6 Text font commands
• B.7 Font size changes
• B.8 AMS font size changes
• F.1 Lower font table for the Times font
• F.2 Upper font table for the Times font
• G.1 Some UNIX commands
• G.2 Some ftp commands
• H.1 TEX commands to avoid in LATEX
• H.2 A translation table
• H.3 AMS-TEX style commands dropped in AMS-LATEX
• H.4 AMS-TEX commands to avoid
• 1.1 A schematic view of an article List of figures
• 1.2 The structure of LATEX
• 1.3 Using LATEX
• 6.1 The structure of a document
• 6.2 Sectioning commands in the article document class
• 6.3 Sectioning commands in the amsart document class
• 6.4 Page layout for the article document class
• 8.1 fleqn and reqno options for equations
• 8.2 Top-or-bottom tags option for split
• 8.3 AMS-LATEX package and document class interdependency
• 9.1 The layout of a custom list
• 10.1 Using B IBTEX, Step
• 10.2 Using B IBTEX, Step
• 11.1 A sample index
• 11.2 Using MakeIndex , Step
• 11.3 Using MakeIndex , Step

Introduction

Is this book for you?

This book is for the mathematician, engineer, scientist, or technical typist who wants to write and typeset articles containing mathematical formulas but does not want to spend much time learning how to do it. I assume you are set up to use LATEX, and you know how to use an editor to type a document, such as:

\documentclass{article} \begin{document} The square root of two: $\sqrt{2}$. I can type math! \end{document}

I also assume you know how to typeset a document, such as this example, with LATEX to get the printed version:

The square root of two:

2. I can type math!

and you can view and print the typeset document. And what do I promise to deliver? I hope to provide you with a solid founda- tion in LATEX, the AMS enhancements, and some standard LATEX enhancements, so typing a mathematical document will become second nature to you.

How to read this book?

Part I gives a short course in LATEX. Read it, work through the examples, and you are ready to type your first paper. Later, at your leisure, read the other parts to become more proficient.

xix

xx Introduction

The rest of this section introduces TEX, LATEX, and AMS-LATEX, and then outlines what is in this book. If you already know that you want to use LATEX to typeset math, you may choose to skip it.

TEX, LATEX, and AMS -LATEX

TEX is a typesetting language created by Donald E. Knuth; it has extensive capa- bilities to typeset math. LATEX is an extension of TEX designed by Leslie Lamport; its major features include a strong focus on document structure and the logical markup of text; automatic numbering and cross-referencing. AMS-LATEX distills the decades-long experience of the American Mathematical So- ciety (AMS) in publishing mathematical journals and books; it adds to LATEX a host of features related to mathematical typesetting, especially the typesetting of multi- line formulas and the production of finely-tuned printed output. Articles written in LATEX (and AMS-LATEX) are accepted for publication by an increasing number of journals, including all the journals of the AMS. Look at the typeset sample articles: sampart.tex (in Appendix C, on pages 361–363) and intrart.tex (on pages 39–40). You can begin creating such high- quality typeset articles after completing Part I.

What is document markup?

Most word processing programs are WYSIWYG (what you see is what you get); as you work, the text on the computer monitor is shown, more or less, as it’ll look when printed. Different fonts, font sizes, italics, and bold face are all shown. A different approach is taken by a markup language. It works with a text edi- tor, an editing program that shows the text, the source file , on the computer moni- tor with only one font, in one size and shape. To indicate that you wish to change the font in the printed copy in some way, you must “mark up” the source file. For instance, to typeset the phrase “Small Caps” in small caps, you type \textsc{Small Caps} The \textsc command is a markup command, and the printed output is

Small Caps

TEX is a markup language; LATEX is another markup language, an extension of TEX. Actually, it’s quite easy to learn how to mark up text. For another exam- ple, look at the abstract of the sampart.tex sample article (page 364), and the instruction