Study Guide on American History: Compromise of 1850 to the Civil War - Prof. Wallace Cross | Study notes World History

History 2: Study Guide 1

Compromise of 1850 – consists of 5 bills

1. California was entered as a free state

2. New Mexico and Utah were each allowed to use popular sovereignty to decide the

issue of slavery. In other words, the people would pick whether the states would

be free or slave.

3. The Republic of Texas gave up lands that it claimed in present day New Mexico

and received $10 million to pay its debt to Mexico.

4. The slave trade was abolished in the District of Columbia.

5. The Fugitive Slave Act made any federal official who did not arrest a runaway

slave liable to pay a fine. This was the most controversial part of the Compromise

of 1850 and caused many abolitionists to increase their efforts against slavery.

Republican Party – first collation of free soilers, northern wigs, & anti-slavery democrats;

came about b/c intense dislike of Kansas-Nebraska Act

New England Immigration Aid Society – founder Amos Lawrence

Know Nothings – American Nativists, result of 2 organizations: The Order of Star

Spangle Banner & Order of United American People, very secretive, anti-Catholic, anti-

immigrant, began in New York

Bleeding Kansas – civil war in Kansas, 1854-1863

John C. Fremont – Republican nomination for presidential campaign of 1856, slogan – “

Free soil, free men, free speech, Fremont,” condemned Ostend Manifesto & Kansas-

Nebraska Act, wanted congress to control slavery in territories, wanted railroad to

Pacific, bring Kansas in Union as free state

James Buchanan – Democratic nomination for presidential campaign of 1856, support

Compromise of 1850, won campaign of 1856

Dred Scott Decision – Roger Taney chief justice for case, 1856 St. Louis courts rules him

free man, Mrs. Emerson appeals. 3 reasons: was he a citizen to sue, was he a free man,

was 30˚36 min free territory. Court rules slaves are not citizens, living in free state does

not make slave free, Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional, meant in theory slavery

could expand anywhere

John Brown – leader of Pottawatomie Massacre in 1856

Cooper Union Address – gave by Lincoln in 1859, 4 points made: denounced popular

sovereignty, examined southern attitudes toward North & Republican, condemned

radicals in North, calls for sectional understanding; did not take southern threats lightly,

slavery cannot expand, debated slavery in moral view, David Davis was his campaign

leader

South Carolina – first state to leave Union

Popular sovereignty – a pre-Civil War doctrine asserting the right of the people living in

a newly organized territory to decide by vote of their territorial legislature whether or not

slavery would be permitted there

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History 2: Study Guide 1  Compromise of 1850 – consists of 5 bills

California was entered as a free state
New Mexico and Utah were each allowed to use popular sovereignty to decide the issue of slavery. In other words, the people would pick whether the states would be free or slave.
The Republic of Texas gave up lands that it claimed in present day New Mexico and received $10 million to pay its debt to Mexico.
The slave trade was abolished in the District of Columbia.
The Fugitive Slave Act made any federal official who did not arrest a runaway slave liable to pay a fine. This was the most controversial part of the Compromise of 1850 and caused many abolitionists to increase their efforts against slavery.  Republican Party – first collation of free soilers, northern wigs, & anti-slavery democrats; came about b/c intense dislike of Kansas-Nebraska Act  New England Immigration Aid Society – founder Amos Lawrence  Know Nothings – American Nativists, result of 2 organizations: The Order of Star Spangle Banner & Order of United American People, very secretive, anti-Catholic, anti- immigrant, began in New York  Bleeding Kansas – civil war in Kansas, 1854-  John C. Fremont – Republican nomination for presidential campaign of 1856, slogan – “ Free soil, free men, free speech, Fremont,” condemned Ostend Manifesto & Kansas- Nebraska Act, wanted congress to control slavery in territories, wanted railroad to Pacific, bring Kansas in Union as free state  James Buchanan – Democratic nomination for presidential campaign of 1856, support Compromise of 1850, won campaign of 1856  Dred Scott Decision – Roger Taney chief justice for case, 1856 St. Louis courts rules him free man, Mrs. Emerson appeals. 3 reasons: was he a citizen to sue, was he a free man, was 30˚36 min free territory. Court rules slaves are not citizens, living in free state does not make slave free, Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional, meant in theory slavery could expand anywhere  John Brown – leader of Pottawatomie Massacre in 1856  Cooper Union Address – gave by Lincoln in 1859, 4 points made: denounced popular sovereignty, examined southern attitudes toward North & Republican, condemned radicals in North, calls for sectional understanding; did not take southern threats lightly, slavery cannot expand, debated slavery in moral view, David Davis was his campaign leader  South Carolina – first state to leave Union  Popular sovereignty – a pre-Civil War doctrine asserting the right of the people living in a newly organized territory to decide by vote of their territorial legislature whether or not slavery would be permitted there

 Free soiler – person who doesn’t want to expand slavery  Abolitionist – person who wants to abolish slavery  David Acheson – Missouri senator, proslavery forces in Kansas, governor gave him support  James Henry Lane – leader of the Free State Forces  Stephen Douglas – Northern Democratic candidate in 1860 against Lincoln, the “little giant”, spoke against Lincoln in Peoria, IL  Copperheads –peace Northern Democrats, opposed war  West Virginia – July 20, 1863, 50 counties of West Virginia did not want to accept succession, elected Francis H. Piermont as governor  George B. McClellan – Commander of Union, gets Lee’s copy of battle plan, takes out one column of his army, removed after Battle of Antietam, 1864 candidate against Lincoln  Kansas-Nebraska Act – proposed by Stephen Douglas, 1854, started Republican Party, contained Democratic & Wig Party, caused “Bleeding Kansas” in Lawrence named after Amos Lawrence, bloodiest war, 65k known dead, 300k MIA  David Wilmont – founded of Wimont Proviso  James Barker  Constitutional Union Party – combination on formal Wigs & Know Nothings  John Bell – Constitutional Union Party candidate, favored constitution, the union & the enforcement of law  Doe Face – northern man w/ southern principles  Hinton R. Helper – wrote “Impending crisis of the South & How to meet it,” spokesperson against slavery, southerner from North Carolina  Peculiar Institution – slave system in south  Domestic Institution – slave system in specific state  Wilmont Proviso – attempt by opponents of slavery to prevent its introduction in the territories purchased from Mexico following the Mexican War  Jefferson Davis – Davis resolution – an ironclad guarantee slavery for the territories, resolutions set off an extensive debate in senate over Constitution & political aspects of slavery controversy, widened gap between North & South Democrats, President of Confederacy, his Vice President was Alexander Stevens  Richmond, VA – Confederate capital  Recruiting system- in equable, 3-9 month enlistment, Jan 1863 1st^ draft occurred, possible to pay $300 to get out of first draft or hire a substitute, ages 18-35, 4 drafts in North which led to NY draft rights, training camp like prisons with guards and who shot people who tried to escape, sides experienced 10% desertion  Sherman’s March – from Atlanta to Savannah, classical example of campaign b/c it destroyed will of white south to resist & made them realize they had to reject succession  3 reason South Carolina gave for secession

North’s long attack on slavery

 Northern Strengths

Pop of 22 mill in 23 Northern & border states – heavy European immigration into North ex. 400k foreign served
Balanced economy  Advanced industry  Prosperous agriculture  Strong banking capital
Superior railroad system
Merchant marine
Naval supremacy  Southern Weakness
Pop of 9 mill in 11 states, 3.5 mill were slaves
Agriculture economy  Poorly developed industry  Weak banking capital
Poorly developed railroad system that wore out by 1863
No merchant marine
No navy
Great valley of VA & Miss & TN valleys offered excellent avenues of invasion by Union troops
For the South the war was a calculated risk
South overestimated its own strength & underestimated the North
South did not believe North would fight to save Union
North did fight, Great Britain depended on Southern cotton South though they would come to their aid
South optimistic – males trained in arms & outdoor living & predisposed military service, did not have to win to win it, could fight on the defensive, it could lose battles & even campaigns if it could wear down the North in the process  Northern War Aims
Went to war to preserve Union, after 1863 freeing slaves was secondary aim
Lincoln said no state was in rebellion, only individuals
Union army was large sheriff posy
Lincoln was refusing to recognize the legitimacy of Confederate gov’t  Southern War Aims
Wanted independence
Wanted to be left alone, go on own way  4 points of Union Strategy
Blockade Southern coastline & starve South (April 19,1861)
Send army to capture Richmond, VA
Army in west aided by river gun boats to seize control of Miss & TN River, (sub)diving the South

2 armies would crush what was left of South  Southern Strategy
Wanted to capture Washington, D.C., send army to Maryland & Penn, cutting NE to NW, tried twice & never worked
Strategy fight on defense  2 principle theaters of operation
East of Appalachian Mtns. primarily fought between Richmond & Washington, D.C.
Western slopes of Appalachian Mtns. To Miss (heartland of Confederacy)

Study Guide on American History: Compromise of 1850 to the Civil War - Prof. Wallace Cross, Study notes of World History

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