Alzheimer's Disease: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Care, Assignments of Nursing

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A lzhe im e r

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D i s e a s e

• (^) Student Name(s)
• (^) NRS-641E-O
• (^) Dr. Jennifer Davis
• (^) Date: February 7

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Alzheim e

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Disease

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Preclinical AD Mild Cognitive Impairment due to AD Dementia due to AD mild Dementia due to AD moderate Dementia due to AD severe

Diagnosing the Disease Assessments and tests involved in diagnosing Alzheimer’s include:

1. Clinical Evaluation
2. Cognitive and Memory Tests
3. Neurological Examination
4. Blood Tests
5. Imaging Studies
6. Spinal Fluid Analysis
7. Genetic Testing
8. Functional Assessment

P a th o p h y s io l o g y Progressive loss of brain function Early age Key proteins: JAK2/STAT signaling pathways p-JAK2- Tyr1007 and p-STAT3-Tyr Glial Cells Alteration of proNGF

Treatme nt Supportive Therapies: Occupational Therapy Speech Therapy Physical Exercise Lifestyle Modifications Healthy Diet Physical and Mental Activity

P h a r m a c o lo g i c Treatment Medications: Cholinesterase Inhibitors: donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine Memantine Behavioral and Psychiatric Symptoms Management: Antipsychotic Medications

P h a r m a c o k i n e t i c s / P h a r m a c o d y n a m i c s Cholinesterase Inhibitors: Donepezil, Rivastigmine, Galantamine NMDA Receptor Antagonist: Memantine Amyloid-Modifying Agents: Aducanumab

S i d e Eff ects Cholinesterase Inhibitors Gastrointestinal Effects: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea Less common: Anorexia, weight loss Central Nervous System Effects: Insomnia, dizziness, headache Cardiovascular effects: possible bradycardia

A d v e r s e R e a ctio n /S i d e eff ects N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists

• Heart failure

Patient E d u c a t i o n

Understanding Alzheimer’s Disease

Diagnosis and Assessment

Treatment options

Care Planning

Support Services

Communication

Strategies

Legal and

Financial

Planning

Safety Precautions

Promoting Brain Health

Caregiver Role Counseling for Caregivers Alzheimer’s can be challenging for patients and caregivers Support groups & counseling for support

Reference

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• (^) Abubakar, M. B., Sanusi, K. O., Ugusman, A., Mohamed, W., Kamal, H., Ibrahim, N. H., Khoo, C. S., & Kumar, J. (2022). Alzheimer's Disease: An update and insights Into pathophysiology. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience , 14 , 742408. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2022.
• (^) Alzheimer’s Association. 2023 Alzheimer’s Disease Facts and Figures. Alzheimers Dement 2023;19(4). https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.
• Bomasang-Layno, E., & Bronsther, R. (2021). Diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease:: An update. Delaware Journal of Public Health , 7 (4), 74–85. https://doi.org/10.32481/djph.2021.09.
• Breijyeh, Z., & Karaman, R. (2020). Comprehensive review on Alzheimer’s disease: Causes and treatment. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) , 25 (24), 5789. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules
• (^) Calsolaro, V., Antognoli, R., Okoye, C., & Monzani, F. (2019). The use of antipsychotic drugs for treating behavioral symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease. Frontiers in Pharmacology , 10 , 1465. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2019.
• Kumar, A., Sidhu, J., Goyal, A., Tsao, J. W. (2022). Alzheimer Disease. Stat Pearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499922/
• Lee, D., Slomkowski, M., Hefting, N., Chen, D., Larsen, K. G., Kohegyi, E., Hobart, M., Cummings, J. L., & Grossberg, G. T. (2023). Brexpiprazole for the treatment of agitation in Alzheimer dementia: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Neurology , 80 (12), 1307–1316. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2023.
• McCance, K., & Huether, S. (2018). Pathophysiology: The biological basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). Mosby. ISBN-13: 9780323402811
• Nursing2020 Drug Handbook. (2020). Wolters Kluwer. ISBN 9781975109264.
• (^) Oxford, A. E., Stewart, E. S., & Rohn, T. T. (2020). Clinical trials in Alzheimer’s disease: A hurdle in the path of remedy. International Journal of Alzheimer's disease , 2020 , 5380346. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/
• Tips for caregivers and families of people with dementia. Alzheimers.gov. (n.d.). https://www.alzheimers.gov/life-with-dementia/tips-caregivers
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.). Alzheimer’s disease fact sheet. National Institute on Aging. https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/alzheimers-and-dementia/alzheimers-disease-fact-sheet
• (^) Whalen, K. (2018). Lippincott's illustrated reviews: Pharmacology (7th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkens. ISBN-13: 9781496384133