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SPECIFICATION FOR ALUMINUM AND ALUMINUM-
ALLOY ELECTRODES FOR SHIELDED METAL ARC
WELDING
SFA-5.
(Identical with AWS Specification A5.3/A5.3M-99.)
1. Scope
This specification prescribes requirements for the classification of aluminum and aluminum-alloy elec- trodes for shielded metal arc welding.
PART A — GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
2. Normative References
2.1 The following ANSI/AWS standards 1 are refer- enced in the mandatory sections of this document: (a) ANSI/AWS A5.01, Filler Metal Procurement Guidelines. (b) ANSI/AWS B4.0, Standard Methods for Mechan- ical Testing of Welds.
2.2 The following ASTM standards 2 are referenced in the mandatory sections of this document: (a) ASTM E 29, Standard Practice for Using Signifi- cant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications. (b) ASTM E 34, Standard Methods for Chemical Analysis of Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys. (c) ASTM B 209, Standard Specification for Alumi- num and Aluminum-Alloy Sheet and Plate.
(^1) AWS Standards can be obtained from the American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126. (^2) ASTM Standards can be obtained from the American Society for Testing and Materials, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.
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2.3 The following ISO standard 3 is referenced in the mandatory sections of this document: (a) ISO 544, Filler Materials for Manual Welding — Size Requirements.
3. Classification 3.1 The electrodes covered by the A5.3/A5.3M speci- fication are classified using a system that is independent of U.S. Customary Units and the International System of Units (SI). Classification is according to the chemical composition of the core wire, as specified in Table 1, and mechanical properties of a groove weld. 3.2 An electrode classified under one classification shall not be classified under any other classification in this specification. 4. Acceptance Acceptance 4 of the electrode shall be in accordance with the provisions of ANSI/AWS A5.01, Filler Metal Procurement Guidelines. 5. Certification By affixing the AWS specification and classification designations to the packaging, or the classification to
(^3) ISO Standards can be obtained from the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 11 West 42nd Street, New York, NY 10036. (^4) See Section A3, Acceptance (in Annex) for further information concerning acceptance, testing of the material shipped, and ANSI/ AWS A5.01, Filler Metal Procurement Guidelines.
A
SFA-5.3 1998 SECTION II
TABLE 1
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION REQUIREMENTS FOR CORE WIRE
Weight Percent
a,b
Other Elements
AWS
UNS
Classification
f^
Designation
c^
Si
Fe
Cu
Mn
Mg
Zn
Ti
Be
Each
Total
Al
E
A
(d)
(d)
0.05–0.
—
—
99.00 min
e
E
A
0.05–0.
1.0–1.
—
—
Remainder
E
A
4.5–6.
Remainder
NOTES:a. The core wire, or the stock from which it is made, shall be analyzed for the specific elements for which values are shown in this table. If the presence of other elements is indicated in the
course of work, the amount of those elements shall be determined to ensure that they do not exceed the limits specified for “Other Elements.” b. Single values are maximum, except where otherwise specified.c. SAE/ASTM Unified Numbering System for Metals and Alloys. d. Silicon plus iron shall not exceed 0.95 percent.e. The aluminum content for unalloyed aluminum is the difference between 100.00 percent and the sum of all other metallic elements present in amounts of 0.010 percent or more each,expressed to the second decimal before determining the sum. f.^
Refer to Table A1 for Proposed ISO Designations.
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SFA-5.3 1998 SECTION II
TABLE 2 REQUIRED TESTS Electrode Size AWS Classification in. mm Chemical Analysis a^ Tension Test b^ Bend Test c (^3) ⁄ 32 2.4 Required Not Required d (^) Not Required d 2.5 Required Not Required d^ Not Required d (^1) ⁄ 8 3.2 Required Not Required d (^) Not Required d (^5) ⁄ 32 4.0 Required Required e (^) Required e E1100, E3003, 3 ⁄ 16 4.8 Required Not Required d^ Not Required d and E4043 5.0 Required Not Required d^ Not Required d 6.0 Required Required f^ Required f (^1) ⁄ 4 6.4 Required Required f (^) Required f (^5) ⁄ 16 8.0 Required Not Required d (^) Not Required d (^3) ⁄ 8 9.5 Required Not Required d (^) Not Required d
NOTES: a. Chemical analysis of the core wire or the stock from which it is made. b. See Section 11. c. See Section 12. d. If the product is not produced in the sizes listed for required tensile tests and bend tests, then the size closest but not greater than the size specified to be tested, shall be subject to the required tests. e. Electrodes 5 ⁄ 32 in. (4.0 mm) and smaller shall be classified on the basis of the results obtained with the (^5) ⁄ 32 in. (4.0 mm) size of the same classification. f. Electrodes 3 ⁄ 16 in. (4.8 mm) and larger shall be classified on the basis of the results obtained with the 1 ⁄ (^4) in. (6.4 mm) size of the same classification.
11. Tension Test
11.1 Two transverse rectangular tension test speci- mens shall be machined from the groove weld described in Section 9, Weld Test Assembly, and shown in Fig.
- The dimensions of the specimens shall be as specified in the tension test section of AWS B4.0, Standard Methods for Mechanical Testing of Welds. All dimen- sions shall be the same as shown in the AWS B4. figure for transverse rectangular tension test specimens (plate) except the reduced section radius shall be 2 in. [50 mm].
11.2 The specimens shall be tested in the manner described in the tension test section of ANSI/AWS B4.0, Standard Methods for Mechanical Testing of Welds.
11.3 The results of the tension test shall meet the requirements specified in Table 4.
12. Bend Test
12.1 One transverse face and one transverse root bend specimen, as required in Table 2, shall be machined from the groove weld test assembly described in Section 9 and shown in Fig. 1. The dimensions of these bend specimens shall be the same as those shown in the bend test section of AWS B4.0 in the figure for
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transverse face and transverse root-bend specimens (plate).
12.2 The specimens shall be tested in the manner described in the guided bend test section of ANSI/ AWS B4.0 by bending them uniformly through 180 degrees over a 1-^1 ⁄ 4 in. [32 mm] radius in any suitable jig. Typical bend test jigs as shown in bend test section of AWS B4.0 shall be used. Positioning of the face- bend specimen shall be such that the face of the weld is in tension. Positioning of the root-bend specimen shall be such that the root of the weld is in tension. For both types of transverse bend specimen, the weld shall be at the center of the bend.
12.3 Each specimen, after bending, shall conform to the 1-^1 ⁄ 4 in. [32 mm] radius, with an appropriate allow- ance for spring back, and the weld metal shall show no crack or other open defect exceeding 1 ⁄ 8 in. [3. mm] measured in any direction on the convex surface, when examined with the unaided eye. Cracks that occur on the corners of a specimen during testing and which show no evidence of inclusions or other fusion-type discontinuities, shall be disregarded.
PART C — SPECIFICATIONS FOR WELDING RODS, ELECTRODES, AND FILLER METALS SFA-5.
C (^) Discard
Tension specimen
Root-bend specimen
Face-bend specimen
Tension specimen
Discard
GENERAL NOTES:
- Root opening = 1/16 in. (1.6 mm).
- Backing material shall be the same alloy as the base metal. It may be rolled or extruded.
- Test material blanks shall be removed from the locations shown.
B
L
B
C
W/2 T
V
Z
Detail A
R
S
W
See Detail A Warping 5° max
60 °
A
A
DIMENSIONS
A 38 50 45 300
5 250 25
in. mm
2
ALLOWABLE FOR ALL SAW CUTS (S)
12 1/ 1/ 3/ 3/ 10 1
B C, min L, min R, radius S T V W, min Z, min
FIG. 1 GROOVE WELD TEST ASSEMBLY FOR MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
57
PART C — SPECIFICATIONS FOR WELDING RODS, ELECTRODES, AND FILLER METALS SFA-5.
TABLE 5 STANDARD SIZES Diameter of Core Wire Standard Lengths AWS Classification in. mm in. mm (^3) ⁄ 32 (0.094) 2.4 a (0.098) 2. (^1) ⁄ 8 (0.125) 3. (^5) ⁄ 32 (0.156) 4.0 14 350 E1100, E3003, 3 ⁄ 16 (0.188) 4.8 a and E4043 (0.197) 5. (0.236) 6. (^1) ⁄ 4 (0.250) 6.4 a (^5) ⁄ 16 (0.312) 8.0 18 450 (^3) ⁄ 8 (0.375) 9.5 a
NOTE: a. These sizes are not included in ISO 544.
more than the lesser of 1 ⁄ 4 in. [6 mm] or twice the diameter of the core wire, meet the requirements of this specification, provided no chip uncovers more than 50% of the circumference of the core.
17. Electrode Identification
All electrodes shall be identified as follows:
17.1 At least one imprint of the electrode classification shall be applied to the electrode covering within 2- 1 ⁄ 2 in. [65 mm] of the grip end of the electrode.
17.2 The numbers and letters of the imprint shall be of bold block type of a size large enough to be legible.
17.3 The ink used for imprinting shall provide suffi- cient contrast with the electrode covering so that, in normal use, the numbers and letters are legible both before and after welding.
17.4 The prefix letter E in the electrode classification may be omitted from the imprint.
17.5 In lieu of imprinting, electrodes may be identified by the following: (a) Attaching to the bare grip end of each electrode a pressure sensitive tape bearing the classification number (b) Embossing the classification number on the bare grip end of each electrode. In this case, a slight flattening of the grip end will be permitted in the area of the embossing.
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18. Packaging 18.1 Electrodes shall be suitably packaged to protect them from damage during shipment and storage under normal conditions. 18.2 Standard package net weights shall be 1 lb [0. kg], 5 lb [2.5 kg], and 10 lb [5 kg]. Other package weights meet the requirements of this specification when agreed by the purchaser and supplier. 19. Marking of Packages 19.1 The following product information (as a mini- mum) shall be legibly marked on the outside of each unit package: (a) AWS specification and classification designations (year of issue may be excluded) (b) Supplier’s name and trade designation (c) Size and net weight (d) Lot, control, or heat number 19.2 The following precautionary information (as a minimum) shall be prominently displayed in legible print on all packages of electrodes, including individual unit packages enclosed within a larger package.
WARNING:
PROTECT yourself and others. Read and un-
derstand this information.
FUMES AND GASES can be hazardous to your
health.
SFA-5.3 1998 SECTION II
ARC RAYS can injure eyes and burn skin.
ELECTRIC SHOCK can KILL.
O Before use, read and understand the manufacturer’s instructions, Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs), and your employer’s safety practices. O Keep your head out of the fumes. O Use enough ventilation, exhaust at the arc, or both, to keep fumes and gases away from your breathing zone and the general area. O Wear correct eye, ear, and body protection.
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O Do not touch live electrical parts. O See American National Standard ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes , published by the American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126; and OSHA Safety and Health Standards , available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. Phone: (202) 512-1800.
DO NOT REMOVE THIS INFORMATION
SFA-5.3 1998 SECTION II
TABLE A DESIGNATION REFERENCE GUIDE AWS Composition Proposed ISO AWS Classification Designation a^ UNS Number Designation b^ Number c 1100 A91100 EA1100 E 3003 A93003 EA3003 E 4043 A94043 EA4043 E
NOTES: a. AWS chemical composition designation is that of the core wire and is the same as the Aluminum Association designation number. b. The proposed ISO designation number (IIW doc. XII-1232-91) contains the last four digits of the UNS number for wrought alloys, preceded by “EA,” “E” to signify a covered electrode and “A” to signify an aluminum base alloy. c. The AWS classification number is the AWS chemical composition designation preceded by an “E” to signify an electrode which carries the electrical current.
is not to be construed to mean that tests of any kind were necessarily conducted on samples of the specific material shipped. Tests on such material may or may not have been conducted. The basis for the certification required by the specification is the classification test of “representative material” cited above, and the “Manu- facturer’s Quality Assurance Program” in ANSI/AWS A5.01.
A5. Ventilation During Welding
A5.1 Five major factors govern the quantity of fumes in the atmosphere to which welders and welding operators are exposed during welding: (a) Dimensions of the space in which welding is done (with special regard to the height of the ceiling) (b) Number of welders and welding operators work- ing in that space (c) Rate of evolution of fumes, gases, or dust, ac- cording to the materials and processes used (d) The proximity of the welders or welding operators to the fumes as the fumes issue from the welding zone, and to the gases and dusts in the space in which they are working (e) The ventilation provided to the space in which the welding is done.
A5.2 American National Standard ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes (published by the American Welding Society), discusses the ventilation that is required during welding and should be referred to for details. Attention is drawn particularly to the Section of that document on Health Protection and Ventilation.
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A6. Welding Considerations A6.1 Welding aluminum by the shielded metal arc process is a well established practice. However, develop- ment of the gas shielded arc welding processes and the many advantages these processes offer has caused a shift away from the use of covered electrodes. When shielded metal arc welding, a flux-covered electrode is held in the standard electrode holder, and welding is done with direct current, electrode positive (DCEP). Important factors to be considered when welding alumi- num with covered electrodes are moisture content of the electrode covering, and cleanliness of the electrode and base metal. Preheat is usually required to obtain good fusion and to improve soundness of the weld. Residual flux removal between passes is required to provide improved arc stability and weld fusion. Com- plete removal of the residual flux after welding is necessary to avoid corrosive attack in service.
A6.2 The presence of moisture in the electrode covering is a major cause of weld porosity. Dirt, grease, or other contamination of the electrode can also contribute to porosity. The absorption of moisture by the covering can be quite rapid, and the covering can deteriorate after only a few hours exposure to a humid atmosphere. For this reason, the electrodes should be stored in a dry, clean location. Electrodes taken from previously opened packages or those exposed to mois- ture should be “conditioned” by holding them at 350° to 400°F [175° to 200°C] for an hour before welding. After conditioning, they should be stored in a heated cabinet at 150° to 200°F [65° to 95°C] until used.
A6.3 The minimum base metal thickness recom- mended for shielded metal arc welding of aluminum
PART C — SPECIFICATIONS FOR WELDING RODS, ELECTRODES, AND FILLER METALS SFA-5.
is 1 ⁄ 8 in. [3.2 mm]. For thicknesses less than 1 ⁄ 4 in. [6.4 mm], no edge preparation other than a relatively smooth, square cut is required. Material over 1 ⁄ 4 in. [6.4 mm] should be beveled to a single-V-groove with a 60 to 90-degree included angle. On very thick material, U-grooves may be used. Depending upon base metal gauge, root-face thicknesses range between 1 ⁄ 16 and 1 ⁄ (^4) in. [1.6 and 6.4 mm]. A root opening of 1 ⁄ 32 to 1 ⁄ 16 in. [0.8 to 1.6 mm] is desirable for all groove welds.
A6.4 Because of the high thermal conductivity of aluminum, preheating to 250° to 400°F [120° to 200°C] is nearly always necessary on thick material to maintain the weld pool and obtain proper fusion. Preheating will also help to avoid porosity due to too rapid cooling of the weld pool at the start of the weld. On complex assemblies, preheating is useful in avoiding distortion. Preheating may be done by torch using oxygen and acetylene or other suitable fuel gas, or by electrical resistance heating. Mechanical properties of 6XXX series aluminum-alloy weldments can be reduced sig- nificantly if the higher preheating temperatures, 350°F [175°C] or higher, are applied.
A6.5 Single-pass SMA welds should be made when- ever possible. However, where thicker plates require multiple passes, thorough cleaning between passes is essential for optimum results. After the completion of any welding, the weld and work should be thoroughly cleaned of residual flux. The major portion of the residual flux can be removed by mechanical means, such as a rotary wire brush, slag hammer, or peening hammer, and the rest by steaming or a hot-water rinse. The test for complete removal of residual flux is to swab a solution of five-percent silver nitrate on the weld areas. Foaming will occur if residual flux is present.
A6.6 Interruption of the arc when shielded metal arc welding aluminum can cause the formation of a fused flux coating over the end of the electrode. Reestablishing a satisfactory arc is impossible unless this formation is removed.
A7. Description and Intended Use of Electrodes
7.1 Electrodes of the E1100 classification produce weld metal of high ductility, good electrical conductiv- ity, and a minimum tensile strength of 12 000 psi ( MPa). E1100 electrodes are used to weld 1100, 1350(EC), and other commercially pure aluminum alloys.
A7.2 Electrodes of the E3003 classification produce weld metal of high ductility and a minimum tensile
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strength of 14 000 psi [95 MPa]. E3003 electrodes are used to weld aluminum alloys 1100 and 3003.
A7.3 The E4043 classification contains approximately five-percent silicon, which provides superior fluidity at welding temperatures, and for this reason is preferred for general purpose welding. The E4043 classification produces weld metal with fair ductility and a minimum tensile strength of 14 000 psi [95 MPa]. E4043 elec- trodes can be used to weld the 6XXX series aluminum alloys, the 5XXX series aluminum alloys (up to 2.5- percent Mg content), and aluminum-silicon casting alloys, as well as aluminum base metals 1100, 1350(EC), and 3003.
A7.4 For many aluminum applications, corrosion resistance of the weld is of prime importance. In such cases, it is advantageous to choose an electrode with a composition as close as practical to that of the base metal. For this use, covered electrodes for base metals other than 1100 and 3003 usually are not stocked and must be specially ordered. For applications where corrosion resistance is important, it may be advantageous to use one of the gas shielded arc welding processes for which a wider range of filler metal compositions is available.
A8. Special Tests It is recognized that supplementary tests may be required for certain applications. In such cases, tests to determine specific properties such as corrosion resist- ance, electrical conductivity, mechanical properties at elevated or cryogenic temperatures, and suitability for welding different combinations of aluminum base alloys may be required.
A9. Chemical Analysis The accepted and most widely used method for chemical analysis is found in ASTM E 227, Optical Emission Spectrometric Analysis of Aluminum and Alu- minum Alloy by the Point-to-Plane Technique. This method analyzes a bulk sample and all elements simulta- neously. The ASTM E 34, Test Method for Chemical Analysis of Aluminum and Aluminum Alloy , prescribes individual test methods for which each element is tested. The ASTM E 34 test methods are used as a referee method if a dispute arises concerning a specific element analysis.
PART C — SPECIFICATIONS FOR WELDING RODS, ELECTRODES, AND FILLER METALS SFA-5.
tamination should be avoided; the area should be cov- ered with a clean, dry dressing; and the patient should be transported to medical assistance. Recognized safety standards such as ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes ; the National Electrical Code ; and NFPA No. 70, available from National Fire Protection Association, 1 Bat- terymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269, should be followed.
A10.3 Fumes and Gases. Many welding, cutting, and allied processes produce fumes and gases which may be harmful to health. Fumes are solid particles which originate from welding filler metals and fluxes, the base metal, and any coatings present on the base metal. Gases are produced during the welding process or may be produced by the effects of process radiation on the surrounding environment. Management, person- nel and welders alike should be aware of the effects of these fumes and gases. The amount and composition of these fumes and gases depend upon the composition of the filler metal and base metal, welding process, flux, current level, arc length, and other factors. Fluxes, used for oxyfuel gas welding of aluminum alloys, are composed primarily of chlorides plus small fluoride additions. The coatings used in covered electrodes of the types shown in this specification A5.3/A5.3M con- tain both chlorides and fluorides. The possible effects of overexposure range from irritation of eyes, skin, and respiratory system to more severe complications. Effects may occur immediately or at some later time. Fumes can cause symptoms such as nausea, headaches, dizziness, and metal fume fever. The possibility of more serious health effects exists when especially toxic materials are involved. In confined spaces, the fumes might displace breathing air and cause asphyxiation. One’s head should always be kept out of the fumes. Sufficient ventilation, exhaust at the arc or flame, or both, should be used to keep fumes and gases from your breathing zone and the general area. In some cases, natural air movement will provide enough ventilation. Where ventilation may be question- able, air sampling should be used to determine if corrective measures should be applied. All aluminum electrodes possess a compositional control of 0.0008 percent maximum beryllium content. This provides a check by the manufacturer that the filler metal is essentially free of this element and thus avoids the presence of concentrations of this highly toxic metallic particulate during the filler metal transfer across the arc. Since the electrode core wire is fabricated as drawn, wrought aluminum wire, the same beryllium control has been applied to all filler metals covered by this ANSI/AWS A5.3/A5.3M specification. Thus all
65
electrodes possess a 0.0008 percent beryllium maxi- mum limit. More detailed information on fumes and gases pro- duced by the various welding processes may be found in the following: (a) The permissible exposure limits required by OSHA can be found in CFR Title 29, Chapter XVII Part 1910. The OSHA General Industry Standards are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. (b) The recommended threshold limit values for these fumes and gases may be found in Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents in the Workroom Environment , published by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (AC- GIH), 1330 Kemper Meadow Drive, Suite 600, Cincin- nati, OH 45240-1643. (c) The results of an AWS-funded study are available in a report entitled, Fumes and Gases in the Welding Environment , available from the American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.
A10.4 Radiation. Welding, cutting, and allied opera- tions may produce radiant energy (radiation) harmful to health. One should become acquainted with the effects of this radiant energy. Radiant energy may be ionizing (such as x-rays), or nonionizing (such as ultraviolet, visible light, or infra- red). Radiation can produce a variety of effects such as skin burns and eye damage, depending on the radiant energy’s wavelength and intensity, if excessive exposure occurs.
A10.4.1 Ionizing Radiation. Ionizing radiation is produced by the electron beam welding process. It is ordinarily controlled within acceptance limits by use of suitable shielding enclosing the welding area.
A10.4.2 Nonionizing Radiation. The intensity and wavelengths of nonionizing radiant energy produced depend on many factors, such as the process, welding parameters, electrode and base metal composition, fluxes, and any coating or plating on the base metal. Some processes such as resistance welding and cold pressure welding ordinarily produce negligible quantities of radiant energy. However, most arc welding and cutting processes (except submerged arc when used properly), laser beam welding and torch welding, cut- ting, brazing, or soldering can produce quantities of nonionizing radiation such that precautionary measures are necessary. Protection from possible harmful effects caused by nonionizing radiant energy from welding include the following measures:
SFA-5.3 1998 SECTION II
(a) One should not look at welding arcs except through welding filter plates which meet the require- ments of ANSI/ASC Z87.1, Practice for Occupational and Education Eye and Face Protection , published by American National Standards Institute, 11 West 42nd Street, New York, NY 10036-8002. It should be noted that transparent welding curtains are not intended as welding filter plates, but rather are intended to protect passersby from incidental exposure. (b) Exposed skin should be protected with adequate gloves and clothing as specified in ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes , published by the American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126. (c) Reflections from welding arcs should be avoided, and all personnel should be protected from intense reflections. (Note: Paints using pigments of substantially zinc oxide or titanium dioxide have a lower reflectance for ultraviolet radiation.) (d) Screens, curtains, or adequate distance from aisles, walkways, etc., should be used to avoid exposing passersby to welding operations. (e) Safety glasses with UV-protective side shields have been shown to provide some beneficial protection from ultraviolet radiation produced by welding arcs.
A10.4.3 Ionizing radiation information sources in- clude: (a) AWS F2.1-78, Recommended Safe Practices for Electron Beam Welding and Cutting , available from the American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126. (b) Manufacturer’s product information literature.
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A10.4.4 Nonionizing radiation information sources include: (a) Hinrichs, J.F., Project Committee on Radiation- Summary Report. Welding Journal , January 1978. (b) Nonionizing Radiation Protection Special Study No. 42-0053-77, Evaluation of the Potential Hazards from Actinic Ultraviolet Radiation Generated by Electric Welding and Cutting Arcs , available from the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161, ADA-033768. (c) Nonionizing Radiation Protection Special Study No. 42-0312-77, Evaluation of the Potential Retina Hazards from Optical Radiation Generated by Electric Welding and Cutting Arcs , available from the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161, ADA-043023. (d) Moss, C. E., and Murray, W. E. “Optical Radia- tion Levels Produced in Gas Welding, Torch Brazing, and Oxygen Cutting.” Welding Journal , September
(e) “Optical Radiation Levels Produced by Air-Car- bon Arc Cutting Processes.” Welding Journal , March
(f) ANSI/ASC Z136.1, Safe Use of Lasers , published by American National Standards Institute, 11 West 42nd Street, New York, NY 10036-8002. (g) ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes , published by the American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126. (h) ANSI/ASC Z87.1, Practice for Occupational and Educational Eye and Face Protection , published by American National Standards Institute, 11 West 42nd Street, New York, NY 10036-8002. (i) Moss, C. E. “Optical Radiation Transmission Levels through Transparent Welding Curtains.” Welding Journal , March 1979.
