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Psychology & Criminal Justice Quizzes (Chapters 1-14), Exams of Psychology

Global University Psychology

A valuable resource for students studying psychology and criminal justice, offering a series of multiple-choice quizzes covering key concepts from chapters 1 through 14 of lesli blair's textbook. the quizzes test understanding of core topics such as antisocial behavior, forensic psychology, biopsychology, and research methodologies. these questions are ideal for self-assessment and exam preparation, reinforcing learning and identifying areas needing further study.

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Psychology and Criminal Justice, 1E By Lesli Blair

Chapter 1-14

Chapter 1: Introduction

1. Which discipline has been traditionally associated with the study of crime?

a. psychology

b. social work

*c. sociology

d. law

2. Which word refers to behavior that is contrary to or against social norms?

a. asocial

*b. antisocial

c. prosocial

d. unsocial

3. What is the name of the book published by the American Psychiatric Association that provides lists

of diagnostic criteria and explanations of various psychological disorders?

*a. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

b. Diagnosis of Mental Disorders (DMD)

c. Manual of Mental Disorders (MMD)

d. Criteria for Diagnosis of Mental Disorders (CDMD)

4. Which type of crime does not usually cause immediate, physical harm to another?

a. street crime

b. violent crime

c. personal crime

*d. nonviolent crime

5. Which of the following is a type of aggression that is a means to some other end and is often

preplanned as a tactic to achieve some other goal?

a. reactive aggression

*b. instrumental aggression

c. purposeful aggression

d. ulterior aggression

6. Which of the following is not a term for aggression for the sake of aggression, often in retaliation or

reaction to a real or perceived threat?

a. reactive aggression

b. hostile aggression

*c. instrumental aggression

d. impulsive aggression

7. According to the textbook, which term refers to the application of psychology to the adjudicative

process (i.e., courts)?

*a. forensic psychology

b. legal psychology

c. adjudicative psychology

d. court psychology

8. According to the textbook, which term refers to the application of psychology to correctional

settings (i.e., prisons, jails, probation, and parole)?

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Psychology and Criminal Justice, 1E By Lesli Blair

Chapter 1-

Chapter 1: Introduction

Which discipline has been traditionally associated with the study of crime? a. psychology b. social work *c. sociology d. law
Which word refers to behavior that is contrary to or against social norms? a. asocial *b. antisocial c. prosocial d. unsocial
What is the name of the book published by the American Psychiatric Association that provides lists of diagnostic criteria and explanations of various psychological disorders? *a. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) b. Diagnosis of Mental Disorders (DMD) c. Manual of Mental Disorders (MMD) d. Criteria for Diagnosis of Mental Disorders (CDMD)
Which type of crime does not usually cause immediate, physical harm to another? a. street crime b. violent crime c. personal crime *d. nonviolent crime
Which of the following is a type of aggression that is a means to some other end and is often preplanned as a tactic to achieve some other goal? a. reactive aggression *b. instrumental aggression c. purposeful aggression d. ulterior aggression
Which of the following is not a term for aggression for the sake of aggression, often in retaliation or reaction to a real or perceived threat? a. reactive aggression b. hostile aggression *c. instrumental aggression d. impulsive aggression
According to the textbook, which term refers to the application of psychology to the adjudicative process (i.e., courts)? *a. forensic psychology b. legal psychology c. adjudicative psychology d. court psychology
According to the textbook, which term refers to the application of psychology to correctional settings (i.e., prisons, jails, probation, and parole)?

a. rehabilitation psychology b. prison psychology *c. correctional psychology d. forensic psychology

According to the textbook, which term refers to the application of psychology to matters of crime detection and investigation (i.e., police and law enforcement)? *a. police psychology b. law enforcement psychology c. forensic psychology d. investigation psychology
What is the term used for engaging in criminal behavior after a previous conviction? *a. recidivism b. reoffending c. rearrest d. relapse
In scientific research, what is the word used to describe whether the measure is really capturing the concept we wish to examine? a. reliability b. accuracy *c. validity d. truthiness
In scientific research, what is the word used to describe whether the measure is consistent every time a measurement is taken/gathered? *a. reliability b. consistency c. validity d. accuracy
Which type of variable influences the things we are trying to study, often unbeknownst to the researchers? a. dependent variable b. independent variable c. control variable *d. confounding variable
Which type of variable is used by researchers to attempt to constrain its influence on what is being studied? a. dependent variable b. independent variable *c. control variable d. confounding variable
What type of study gathers all of the available empirical research on a specific topic and presents a comprehensive summary of what all of this research has to say on the topic? a. meta-analysis *b. systematic review c. summary research d. peer review
What type of research is a study of studies using specific research methods and statistics to reach an overall conclusion on a topic based on the results from many studies? *a. meta-analysis

Chapter 2: Biopsychology

Which of the following involves the study of the psychological effects of biological processes? *a. biopsychology b. psychobiology c. molecular genetics d. evolutionary psychology
Which of the following are chemical messengers that originate in the nervous system? a. neurons b. hormones *c. neurotransmitters d. neural pathways
How are neural pathways created and strengthened? *a. repeated use of the same sets of neurons b. they are encoded in our DNA c. concentrating really hard d. doing mental gymnastics
Which areas of the brain has research linked with criminal behavior? a. temporal lobe and frontal lobe *b. prefrontal cortex and limbic system c. frontal lobe and prefrontal cortex d. temporal lobe and limbic system
Where in our heads is the prefrontal cortex? a. at the base of our skull b. behind our left ear *c. behind our forehead d. in the middle
Which of the following is not considered an executive function of the prefrontal cortex? a. decision making b. self-control c. planning *d. fight-flight-freeze-or-fawn response
Which part of the brain is thought to be responsible for the fight-flight-freeze-or-fawn response? *a. limbic system b. prefrontal cortex c. parietal lobe d. brain stem
According to the textbook, which part of part of the limbic system believed to be the primary emotional center? a. hypothalamus *b. amygdala c. hippocampus d. prefrontal cortex
Which neurotransmitter is related to the experience of pleasure? a. serotonin b. cortisol *c. dopamine

d. epinephrine

Which neurotransmitter is considered a mood regulator (among many other functions)? *a. serotonin b. cortisol c. dopamine d. epinephrine
Which of the following are chemical messengers that originate in the endocrine system and are transported via the bloodstream? a. neurons *b. hormones c. neurotransmitters d. bloodtransmitters
Which hormone’s primary role is in our response to stress? a. epinephrine b. testosterone c. dopamine *d. cortisol
Which hormone is found in much higher concentrations in males than females? a. estrogen *b. testosterone c. cortisol d. dopamine
What is the evolutionary process whereby members of a species with characteristics best suited for survival are able to pass on those characteristics to their offspring? a. heredity *b. natural selection c. behavioral genetics d. extinction
Which of the following are sections of DNA responsible for the construction and maintenance of our bodies, as well as our individual traits and characteristics? *a. genes b. chromosomes c. amino acids d. double helix
Which of the following is the study of the sections of DNA that make up our genes and identifying what those genes do? a. evolutionary psychology b. heredity *c. molecular genetics d. twin studies
What percentage of our genes dictate what makes us human rather than another animal or plant? a. 76% b. 81% c. 95% *d. 99%
What is the term for the 21st^ century understanding the both nature and nurture impact human outcomes (rather than nature or nurture)? a. nature-nurture interaction

A meta-analysis of twin and adoption studies assessing antisocial behavior found what? a. our shared environment does not affect antisocial behavior b. our unshared environment does not affect antisocial behavior c. our genes do not affect antisocial behavior *d. antisocial behavior is linked to genetics, shared environment and unshared environment
According to a meta-analysis of brain imaging research, the brain areas most associated with antisocial behavior are believed to be responsible for what? *a. executive functions b. natural selection c. fight-flight-freeze-or-fawn response d. fear conditioning
Which of the following is not one of the roles of executive functions? a. inhibition b. shifting *c. vigilance d. updating
What is the term for the differing functions of the right and left hemispheres of the brain? a. differential functions *b. lateralization c. hemisphere specialization d. functional adjacency
Studies on the relationship of the amygdala to antisocial behavior have shown that amygdala dysfunction is associated with what? a. increased fear conditioning *b. decreased fear conditioning c. increased anger response d. decreased anger response
Amygdala dysfunction may lead to all of the following except: a. less effective deterrents to criminal behavior (i.e., natural and imposed punishments) b. increased aggression, as the consequences of interpersonal aggression are lessened c. a sense of fearlessness *d. inhibited executive functions
Decreased activity of the amygdala may cause ________ aggression, and increased activity of the amygdala may be related to ________ aggression. *a. instrumental; reactive b. reactive; instrumental c. interpersonal; passive d. passive; interpersonal
Despite making some intuitive sense, a recent meta-analysis of the direct effect of which chemical messenger on aggressive behavior concluded that the relationship is relatively weak? a. serotonin b. dopamine *c. testosterone d. cortisol
A recent study found a potential interaction effect between testosterone and which other hormone, indicating a positive association between testosterone and crime when this hormone is low? a. serotonin b. dopamine

c. testosterone *d. cortisol

Research has shown that aggression can be linked to sensation-seeking behavior, particularly for those with a gene associated with having fewer receptors for which chemical messenger? a. serotonin *b. dopamine c. testosterone d. cortisol
Lack of which type of chemical messenger has been implicated in aggressive behavior since the 1970s, but recent meta-analyses have shown the relationship is not as strong as once thought possibly due to its complexity and pervasive roles in the brain and behavior? *a. serotonin b. dopamine c. testosterone d. cortisol
A meta-analysis of gene-environment interactions involving the gene 5-HTTLPR found that the longer allele of 5-HTTLPR causes hyposensitivity to the environment, whereas the shorter 5-HTTLPR allele is linked to hypersensitivity to the environment. With which chemical messenger is 5-HTTLPR associated? *a. serotonin b. dopamine c. testosterone d. cortisol
What is the nickname of the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene, which studies have found to have a gene-environment interaction with childhood maltreatment that may lead to increased aggression? a. The Crime Gene b. The Aggressive Gene c. The Violence Gene *d. The Warrior Gene Chapter 3: Developmental Psychology
Which of the following is not one of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development? a. sensorimotor stage b. preoperational stage *c. informal operational stage d. formal operational stage
According to Piaget, which stage of cognitive development is necessary for moral development? a. sensorimotor stage b. preoperational stage c. informal operational stage *d. formal operational stage
Which stage of Kohlberg’s moral development theory is guided primarily by the behavioral psychology concepts of reward and punishment? *a. obedience and punishment orientation b. law and order orientation c. interpersonal concordance orientation d. social contract orientation

Which stage of Erikson’s psychosocial development requires a delicate balance by caregivers to encourage leadership during play without letting assertiveness give way to aggression? a. intimacy versus isolation b. autonomy versus shame and doubt c. trust versus mistrust *d. initiative versus guilt
Encouragement and accomplishments in school are very important at which stage of Erikson’s psychosocial development? *a. industry/competence versus inferiority b. autonomy versus shame and doubt c. identity versus role confusion d. initiative versus guilt
Allowing teenagers to explore different ways of interacting with the world via their own choices will encourage healthy development of which stage of Erikson’s psychosocial development? a. industry/competence versus inferiority b. autonomy versus shame and doubt *c. identity versus role confusion d. initiative versus guilt
Developing close, committed relationships with other adults is an important part of which stage of Erikson’s psychosocial development? *a. intimacy versus isolation b. ego integrity versus despair c. generativity versus stagnation d. initiative versus guilt
Which stage of Erikson’s psychosocial development is characterized by creating a sense of legacy and contributions to society that will outlast the individual? a. intimacy versus isolation b. ego integrity versus despair *c. generativity versus stagnation d. initiative versus guilt
Which stage of Erikson’s psychosocial development is characterized by a shift to a reflective perspective? a. intimacy versus isolation *b. ego integrity versus despair c. generativity versus stagnation d. initiative versus guilt
Which theory is based on the idea that bonds to a caregiver is an evolutionary necessity since infants must connect with and trust others for survival? a. Piaget’s cognitive development theory b. Kohlberg’s moral development theory c. Erikson’s psychosocial development theory *d. Bowlby’s attachment theory
What is the name of the famous text of attachment theory that led to the discovery of different attachment styles? a. secure attachment test b. stranger danger experiment *c. strange situation experiment d. peculiar predicament test

During experiments, children with which attachment style were only somewhat concerned when their caregiver left and welcomed their return? *a. secure attachment b. avoidant attachment c. anxious attachment d. disorganized attachment
During experiments, children who turned away from their caregiver when they returned to the room exhibited which attachment style? a. secure attachment *b. avoidant attachment c. anxious attachment d. disorganized attachment
Infants who would sometimes cling to their caregiver, while at other times would clearly avoid their caregiver during experiments were labeled with which attachment style? a. secure attachment b. avoidant attachment c. anxious attachment *d. disorganized attachment
During experiments, which attachment style became incredibly upset even before their caregivers physically left the room and clung to their caregivers upon their return? a. secure attachment b. avoidant attachment *c. anxious attachment d. disorganized attachment
Which insecure pattern of attachment may rely too heavily on others for a sense of safety as an adult? a. avoidant attachment *b. anxious attachment c. disorganized attachment d. absent attachment
Which insecure pattern of attachment may not at all trust others to have their back as an adult? *a. avoidant attachment b. anxious attachment c. disorganized attachment d. abrasive attachment
Gibbs (2003) advocated for a simplified focus on “________” (stages 1 and 2) versus “________” (stage 3 and above) moral development. a. immoral; moral b. incorrect; correct c. childlike; adultlike *d. immature; mature
A meta-analysis by Stams and colleagues verified that juvenile delinquents have lower levels of moral development than nondelinquents and found that this association may be made worse by which of the following? a. cultural background *b. institutionalization c. socioeconomic status

a. denial of responsibility b. denial of injury c. denial of victim *d. appeal to higher loyalties

Which of Bandura’s moral disengagements is someone using when they suggest that the ends justify the means? *a. moral justification b. euphemistic labeling c. diffusion of responsibility d. distortion of consequences
When someone calls a behavior something different so that it does not sounds as bad, they are using which of Bandura’s moral disengagements? a. advantageous comparison *b. euphemistic labeling c. displacement of responsibility d. moral justification
Someone using which of Bandura’s moral disengagements might make note of worse behaviors that they did not engage in? a. moral justification b. euphemistic labeling c. denial of injury *d. advantageous comparison
Which of Bandura’s moral disengagements is someone using when they say they were just following orders? a. diffusion of responsibility b. euphemistic labeling *c. displacement of responsibility d. moral justification
Those involved in a criminal enterprise with multiple people may feel justified in claiming less moral responsibility according to which of Bandura’s moral disengagements? *a. diffusion of responsibility b. euphemistic labeling c. displacement of responsibility d. distortion of consequences
Which of Bandura’s moral disengagements is similar to Sykes and Matza’s denial of injury in that the offender argues that no real harm came to the supposed victim? a. attribution of blame *b. distortion of consequences c. diffusion of responsibility d. euphemistic labeling
In which of Bandura’s moral disengagements does the offender shift responsibility for their behavior onto their victim? a. distortion of consequences b. moral justification c. displacement of responsibility *d. attribution of blame
Distancing themselves from the distress of doing harm to another person by telling themselves their victim(s) is subhuman represents which of Bandura’s moral disengagements?

a. distortion of consequences b. moral justification *c. dehumanizing d. attribution of blame

The theory behind Moral Reconation Therapy fuses elements from which two theories of psychological development? a. Piaget’s cognitive development and Kohlberg’s moral development b. Kohlberg’s moral development and Bowlby’s attachment theory *c. Erikson’s psychosocial development and Kohlberg’s moral development d. Bowlby’s attachment theory and Erikson’s psychosocial development
According to a meta-analysis by Ogilvie and her colleagues, offenders with a diagnosed mental illness were more likely to have which type of attachment style? a. secure attachment *b. avoidant attachment c. anxious attachment d. disorganized attachment
A meta-analysis by Velotti and her colleagues found which type of attachment to be correlated with many different types of intimate partner violence, regardless of the gender of the perpetrator? a. secure attachment b. avoidant attachment *c. anxious attachment d. disorganized attachment

Chapter 4: Behavioral Psychology

The story of Pavlov’s dogs is both an origin story and common example of what type of learning? a. observational learning *b. classical conditioning c. operant conditioning d. tactile learning
In the story of Pavlov’s dogs, which of the following is the unconditioned stimulus? a. bell ring b. repeated pairings *c. food d. salivation
Which of the following, in the story of Pavlov’s dogs, starts as the neutral stimulus and becomes the conditioned stimulus? *a. bell ring b. repeated pairings c. food d. salivation
What is both the unconditioned response and the conditioned response in the story of Pavlov’s dogs? a. bell ring b. repeated pairings c. food *d. salivation

Which of the following takes away an unpleasant experience or item to encourage desired behavior? a. positive reinforcement b. positive punishment *c. negative reinforcement d. negative punishment
In operant conditioning, what is the term for adding an unpleasant experience or item to discourage an undesired behavior? a. positive reinforcement *b. positive punishment c. negative reinforcement d. negative punishment
Which of the following takes away a pleasant experience to discourage an undesired behavior? a. positive reinforcement b. positive punishment c. negative reinforcement *d. negative punishment
In operant conditioning, what is a method of teaching more complex tasks by reinforcing successive approximations of the end-goal behavior that is often used in dog training? a. guiding b. molding c. carving *d. shaping
The timing and delivery of the rewards in operant conditioning can vary, which is known as what? a. reinforcement timing *b. reinforcement schedule c. reinforcement approach d. reinforcement strategy
What is the term used when a reinforcement is provided every time the desired behavior is performed? a. positive reinforcement b. negative reinforcement *c. continuous reinforcement d. scheduled reinforcement
When a reinforcement is provided only after the desired behavior has been repeated a specific number of times it is known as what? a. fixed interval reinforcement b. variable interval reinforcement *c. fixed ratio reinforcement d. variable ratio reinforcement
What is the term for when a reinforcement is delivered only after a certain amount of time, as long as the desired behavior was completed at least once during that time? *a. fixed interval reinforcement b. variable interval reinforcement c. fixed ratio reinforcement d. variable ratio reinforcement
When a reinforcement is provided after the desired behavior has been repeated a random and changing number of times it is known as ________.

a. fixed interval reinforcement b. variable interval reinforcement c. fixed ratio reinforcement *d. variable ratio reinforcement

What is the term for when a reinforcement is provided after a random and changing amount of time and the desired behavior has been completed at least once during that time? a. fixed interval reinforcement *b. variable interval reinforcement c. fixed ratio reinforcement d. variable ratio reinforcement
Which reinforcement schedule is particularly vulnerable to extinction? a. fixed interval reinforcement *b. continuous reinforcement c. fixed ratio reinforcement d. variable ratio reinforcement
Which type of reinforcement schedules do particularly well at preventing – or at least slowing – extinction? a. fixed reinforcement b. continuous reinforcement *c. variable reinforcement d. positive reinforcement
The idea that we can learn by watching others, rather than only through direct experience, is known as what? a. imitation learning b. reproductive learning *c. observational learning d. social cognitive learning
Which of the following is not one of the stages of Bandura’s social cognitive theory? a. attention b. retention c. motivation *d. observation
Learning indirectly via the observer seeing the model be reinforced for the behavior and therefore expecting their own reinforcement is what kind of reinforcement? *a. vicarious reinforcement b. continuous reinforcement c. negative reinforcement d. observational reinforcement
According to Bandura, an observer is more likely to pay attention a model’s behavior if: a. they are rewarded for their behavior *b. they are perceived to be high status or similar to themselves c. they are in their social circle or one they aspire to be in d. they are a family member or close friend
Which of the following is the crux of Sutherland’s differential association theory? a. Differential associations may vary in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity. b. Criminal behavior is learned in interaction with other persons in a process of communication.

d. interpersonal conflict

Despite conflicting results from meta-analyses, a recent study suggested that which personality characteristics may mediate the relationship between violent media consumption and behavioral aggression? *a. trait anger and emotional suggestibility b. state anger and emotional suggestibility c. impulsivity and trait anger d. state anger and trait anger
Which of the following ideas from criminal justice is theoretically based on behavioral psychology? *a. deterrence b. punishment c. incarceration d. prevention
Which of the following is not one of the criteria for effective deterrence? a. swiftness of punishment b. certainty of punishment c. severity of punishment *d. due process of punishment
According to Stafford and Warr, which concept is crucially missing from classic deterrence theory? a. vicarious punishment *b. punishment avoidance c. general deterrence d. reconceptualization
Research has shown that behavior change happens easier when ________ is used more often than ________. a. prevention; punishment b. punishment; reinforcement *c. reinforcement; punishment d. reinforcement; deterrence
A meta-analysis of vicarious punishment in the psychology literature found all of the following except: a. people will be less likely to engage in a behavior for which they saw a model punished b. the long-term effects of vicarious punishment remain unknown c. there are likely intervening variables within the relationship between vicarious punishment and behavior *d. vicarious punishment only works with observational learning
Which of Skinner’s ideas has been used in correctional settings for a long time? *a. contingency management systems b. shaping c. behavior modification systems d. token economies
Which of the following common correctional practices is an example of negative reinforcement? a. solitary confinement b. restitution *c. good time d. token economies
An example of positive reinforcement, which of the following is a correctional practice in which symbolic points can be exchanged for various things seen as valuable?

a. commissary b. restitution c. good time *d. token economies

For behavior change to last beyond state supervision, the extrinsic motivation to change provided by contingency management systems must be transitioned to intrinsic motivation in what way? a. learning to reward oneself for positive behavior b. managing expectations of continued reinforcement for positive behavior *c. recognition of more natural reward systems for positive behavior d. persevering in positive behavior despite little reward

Chapter 5: Social Psychology

Which of the following is the study of societies and groups of people as a whole? a. social psychology b. social cognition *c. sociology d. psychology
Which of the following is the study of how we, as individuals, interact with and are impacted by society and other people? *a. social psychology b. social cognition c. sociology d. psychology
Which of the following refers to the ways we, as individuals, think about and respond to our social interactions? a. social psychology *b. social cognition c. sociology d. psychology
Which of the following is not true about schemas? *a. schemas are the same for everyone b. schemas are based on our experiences and exposures c. schemas contain powerful associations between things that are possibly unconnected in reality d. stereotypes are common examples of schemas
Schemas about events are known as what? a. stereotypes b. shortcuts c. directions *d. scripts
What is the process by which cues from our current environment trigger certain schemas to be activated? a. cuing b. prepping *c. priming

Psychology & Criminal Justice Quizzes (Chapters 1-14), Exams of Psychology

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Partial preview of the text

Download Psychology & Criminal Justice Quizzes (Chapters 1-14) and more Exams Psychology in PDF only on Docsity!

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Psychology and Criminal Justice, 1E By Lesli Blair

Chapter 1-