Aleks Placement Test: Chemistry 2024 EXAM(100% ORIGINAL VERIFIED A+ GRADED, Exams of Chemistry

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Aleks Placement Test: Chemistry 2024 EXAM(100% ORIGINAL VERIFIED A+ GRADED Metals - ANSWER-Elements located on the left side of the periodic table that want to lose electrons

Characteristics of Metals - ANSWER-- Malleable

• Ductile
• Conductive
• Lustrous Malleable - ANSWER-The ability to be molded into shapes Ductile - ANSWER-The ability to be pulled into wire Conductive - ANSWER-The ability to allow heat or electricity to pass through an object Lustrous - ANSWER-The ability to be shiny Nonmetals - ANSWER-Elements located on the right side of the periodic table that want to gain electrons

Compound - ANSWER-Two or more elements that are chemically bonded; includes ionic and covalent Mixture - ANSWER-Two or more substances that are together but not bonded Pure Substance - ANSWER-Substance that contains only one kind of compound Bose-Einstein Condensate - ANSWER-The state of matter with the lowest energy; basically a very cold solid Solid - ANSWER-A state of matter with strong bonds Liquid - ANSWER-A state of matter with weak bonds

Gas - ANSWER-A state of matter with no bonds Plasma - ANSWER-The state of matter with the highest energy; it uses ionization instead of bonds Robert Boyle - ANSWER-First to define an element; any substance is a substance unless it can be broken down John Dalton - ANSWER-Used and combined previous ideas to discuss the atom; elements are made of atoms; all atoms of an element are identical; atoms of different elements are different; law of constant composition; atoms are invisible Law of Constant Composition - ANSWER-Atoms of one element can combine with other elements to form compounds; a given compound always has the same relative numbers and types of atoms

Ernest Rutherford - ANSWER-Conducted an experiment in which he shot alpha particles at gold foil; roved there was a small, dense nucleus with a positive charge and that protons are positive Electronegativity - ANSWER-The ability of a molecule to attract electrons to it; increases as you move left to right in the table and decreases as you move top to bottom; fluorine is the hardest Atomic Radius - ANSWER-The radius of an atom; decreases as you move left to right and increases as you move top to bottom Ionization Energy - ANSWER-The energy needed to rip off an electron; increases as you move left to right and decreases as you move top to bottom

Ion - ANSWER-An atom that has gained or lost electrons Anion - ANSWER-An atom that gains electrons and has a negative charge; nonmetals Cation - ANSWER-An atom that looses electrons and has a positive charge; metals Isotope - ANSWER-An atom that has changed its number of neutrons Atomic Number - ANSWER-A unique number to each element that tells the number of protons and the number of electrons if the atom is neutral Atomic Mass - ANSWER-A number that tells the number of protons and neutrons in an atom

Gamma Ray - ANSWER-One type of radioactive particle; it is a high energy photon of light and is used to release excess energy; the atom is not changed at all Half-Life - ANSWER-The time required for half of the original sample of nuclei to decay; each radioactive nucleus of the same element has the same half-life; the shorter the half-life, the more likely a nucleus will decay Percent Abundance - ANSWER-Elements exist naturally in different isotopes, to the atomic mass listed on the table is an average Percent Abundance Equation - ANSWER-Average Mass = (%)•(Mass of Isotope A) + (%)•(Mass of Isotope B) +... Crest - ANSWER-The highest point of a wave

Trough - ANSWER-The lowest point of a wave Wavelength - ANSWER-The distance between the crests of a wave; symbol is lambda Frequency - ANSWER-The number of waves that pass through a point in a given time; symbol is nu Amplitude - ANSWER-The height of a crest or trough; crest to the zero line; absolute value Speed - ANSWER-How fast a wave travels in a given distance Node - ANSWER-Point on a wave where the wave returns to the zero line; a crest or trough is trapped between the two points

Speed of Light - ANSWER-3.00•10^8m/s Continuous Spectrum - ANSWER-Broken bands of colored light Bright Line Spectrum - ANSWER-a.k.a. emission spectrum; occurs due to the energy an electron gives off as it travels from high to low energy; fireworks Dark Line Spectrum - ANSWER-a.k.a. absorption spectrum; occurs due to the energy that an electron gains as it travels from low to high energy Energy using Planck's Constant - ANSWER-E = h•f E is energy h is Planck's constant f is frequency in hertz

Planck's Constant - ANSWER-6.626•10^- 34 Joules/hertz Wave-Particle Duality of Light - ANSWER-Light sometimes acts like a particle and sometimes like a wave Wave-Mechanical Model of the Atom - ANSWER-A model of the atom in which the orbitals are nothing like orbits Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle - ANSWER-It is impossible to know the exact position and momentum of an electron at the same time Quantum Theory for an Atom - ANSWER-The probability of finding electrons in certain regions of an atom is described by orbitals

Pauli Exclusion Principle - ANSWER-A rule that states that each electron has its own unique set of quantum numbers and that two electrons with the same spin cannot occupy the same orbital and that an orbital can only hold two electrons S Orbital - ANSWER-The orbital with the lowest energy; it has one orbital and can hold two electrons P Orbital - ANSWER-The orbital with the second lowest energy; it has three orbitals and can hold six electrons D Orbital - ANSWER-The orbital with the second highest energy; it has five orbitals and can hold ten electrons

F Orbital - ANSWER-The orbital with the highest energy; it has seven orbitals and can hold 14 electrons Hund's Rule - ANSWER-Each suborbital will fill with one electron before accepting a second electron Kernel Structure - ANSWER-Electron configuration shorthand

1. Find the noble gas that comes before the element
2. Write the gas in brackets
3. Determine energy level and orbital you are starting on
4. Follow the energy pyramid Valence Electrons - ANSWER-Electrons on outer most orbital; always the highest energy 's' and 'p' orbital

______ate - ANSWER-______ic acid _______ite - ANSWER-_______ous acid Methane - ANSWER-1 carbon Ethane - ANSWER-2 carbon Propane - ANSWER-3 carbon Butane - ANSWER-4 carbon Pentane - ANSWER-5 carbon Hexane - ANSWER-6 carbon Heptane - ANSWER-7 carbon

Octane - ANSWER-8 carbon Nonatne - ANSWER-9 carbon Decane - ANSWER-10 carbon Alcohols - ANSWER-Subtract a hydrogen and add a - OH group; add ol to end of name Ionic Bonds - ANSWER-Metal looses the electron and nonmetal gains it; the farther apart they are on the table the more likely it's ionic Covalent Bonds - ANSWER-Atoms are sharing electrons; the closer the elements are the more likely it's covalent