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A&P - General Oral Exam (Jeppesen)
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Describe the result of adding a large positive number and a smaller negative number. - ✔✔The result is a smaller positive number. How do you convert a fraction into a decimal? - ✔✔Divide the numerator by the denominator. What is the key step that must be performed in order to add or subtract unlike fractions? - ✔✔Find the lowest common denominator. How do you divide one fraction by another? - ✔✔Invert the divisor and multiply. How can you convert a decimal into a percent? - ✔✔Multiply by 100 and add the % sign. How do you convert a fraction into a percent? - ✔✔Convert into a decimal and then multiply by 100 and adding the % sign. How do you change a decimal into the nearest equivalent fraction? - ✔✔Multiply by the desired denominator to get the numerator. What are two different ways that a ratio may be expressed? - ✔✔1. As a fraction
- By placing a colon (:) between the two numbers
- Use the word "to" between the two numbers. What is a proportion? - ✔✔A statement of equality between two or more ratios.
What is meant by the root of the number? - ✔✔A smaller number that when multiplied by itself two or more times results in the specified number. How do you find the square of a number? - ✔✔Multiply the number by itself. What is the common method of making computations involving very large or very small numbers more manageable? - ✔✔Convert into scientific notation using powers of 10. How is 100,000 expressed as a power of 10? - ✔✔10 to the 5th power. What formula is used to find the area of a rectangle and a triangle? - ✔✔Rectangle = L x W Triangle = 1/2 (B x H) Define Pi. - ✔✔Pi is a constant that defines the relationship between the circumference and the diameter of a circle. Approximately equal to 3. Describe a trapezoid. - ✔✔A trapezoid is a closed, four sided figure with two parallel sides. What is the formula for computing the area of a circle? - ✔✔Pi (r x r). Pi R squared! Define matter. - ✔✔Anything that occupies space and has mass. Matter may exist in what three states? - ✔✔Solid, liquid, and gas. Define kinetic energy? - ✔✔Energy of motion. Work is the product of what two factors? - ✔✔Force and distance moved. What are the parts of a lever? - ✔✔A rigid bar and a pivot point called the fulcrum.
On a standard day at sea level, what is the value for temperature? - ✔✔59 deg. F or 15 deg. C What are the factors that determine density altitude? - ✔✔Temperature and atmospheric pressure. What is the term to describe the ratio between the amount of moisture actually present in the atmosphere as compared to the amount the air could hold if it were completely saturated? - ✔✔Relative humidity. What are the four principle forces acting on an airplane in flight? - ✔✔Lift, drag, thrust, and gravity. What is the term that describes the angle between the relative wind and the chord line of airfoil? - ✔✔The Angle of Attack (AOA). What are the factors that cause the airplane wing to stall? - ✔✔Stall is caused when the angle of attack exceeds a critical value and the airflow separates from the upper surface and becomes turbulent. What are the principle effects that result from lowering the flaps while in flight? - ✔✔Lift increases, drag increases, and stall speed decreases. What is the function of a wing mounted vortex generator? - ✔✔Vortex generators delay or keep the airflow from separating from the upper surface of a wing during high speed flight. How does blade flapping help to compensate for dissymmetry of lift in helicopter main rotor systems? - ✔✔Flapping increases the angle of attack and lift on the retreating blade and decreases the angle of attack and lift on the advancing blade. How does the airflow through the main rotor of a helicopter change during the transition from normal flight to autorotation? - ✔✔During normal flight the air moves downward and during autorotation the air moves upward. What is friction? - ✔✔The opposition to relative motion between two objects in contact with each other.
One kilowatt is equal to how many watts? - ✔✔1,000 watts What law describes the most fundamental or basic relationship in an electrical circuit? - ✔✔Ohm's law What are the three elements of Ohm's law? - ✔✔Voltage, current, and resistance. How would you write the Ohms law as an equation? - ✔✔E=I x R, R = E/I, or I= E/R If the resistance in a DC circuit remains the same but the voltage doubles, what happens to the amount of current flowing in the circuit? - ✔✔It also doubles. In DC circuits, what unit measures power? - ✔✔Watts What three elements are required to form an electrical circuit? - ✔✔A source of electrical energy, a load or resistance to use the electricity, and wires or conductors to connect the source to the load. DC circuits can take one of three forms or types, What are they? - ✔✔Series, parallel, and complex (series-parallel). A 24-volt lead-acid battery has how many cells? - ✔✔ 12 A fully charged lead-acid battery has a specific gravity that varies between what two values? - ✔✔1. and 1. You must apply a correction to the specific gravity reading of the elctrolyte of a lead-acid battery when the temp is outside of what two values? - ✔✔Whenever the temperature is less than 70 deg. F or more than 90 deg. F. What is the reason for having separate facilities for storing and servicing nickel-cadmium and lead-acid batteries? - ✔✔The electrolyte in the two types of batteries is chemically opposite and the fumes from one type can contaminate the electrolyte of the other type.
What is the name for a part of a drawing used to bring out important details and how is it drawn? - ✔✔A detailed view, which is usually drawn to a larger scale than the main drawing. What is the purpose of schematic diagrams? - ✔✔Primarily used for troubleshooting systems. Describe an orthographic projection. - ✔✔A way of drawing an object using different views at right angles to each other, such as top, bottom, front, and side view. Why do manufacturers use symbols on aircraft drawings? - ✔✔Symbols are a form of shorthand and are used to convey the characteristics of a component with a minimum of drawing. Describe the appearance of lines used to show hidden views, alternate positions, and the middle of symmetrical objects, and give their name. - ✔✔Hidden views are shown with "hidden lines", which are short, evenly spaced dashes. Alternate positions are shown with "phantom lines" made up of light, alternating long dashes and two short dashes. "Center lines" consisting of alternating long and short dashes, show the middle of symmetrical objects. How can you determine if a drawing has been changed? - ✔✔A record of the changes is listed either in the revision block or in ruled columns which may be in the corner of the drawing or next to the title block. How are dimensions shown on aircraft drawings, and what is their purpose? - ✔✔"Dimension lines" are usually solid and generally broken in the midpoint for insertion of the measurement. They provide a means to accurately represent the size of an object. What is the difference between an "allowance" and a "tolerance"? - ✔✔An allowance is the difference between the nominal dimension and the maximum and minimum permissible sizes. The tolerance is the difference between the extreme permissible dimensions, which may be found by adding the plus and minus allowances.
What is meant by "clearance" when used in aircraft drawings? - ✔✔An allowable dimension between two parts. What kinds of information about an aircraft drawing can be found in the title block? - ✔✔The part or assembly name, drawing size, scale, date, company name, and name or initials of the people responsible for creating and approving the drawing. What information is contained in a "bill of materials"? - ✔✔A list of the materials and parts needed to fabricate or assemble the component or system shown in the drawing. If an aircraft is loaded so that the aft C.G. limit is exceeded, what undesirable flight characteristic is likely to result? - ✔✔The aircraft will be tail-heavy and may be unable to recover from a stall or spin. If all the records for an aircraft are missing, how would you determine the empty weight and empty weight C.G.? - ✔✔The aircraft would have to be weighed, and new weight and balance records would have to be prepared. Define" tare weight" and describe how it is handled when weighing an aircraft. - ✔✔Tare weight of anything on the scales that is not part of the aircraft. If must be subtracted from the scale weight reading too determine the net weight of the airplane. If a piece of equipment such as a radio is added to an aircraft, how can you determine the effect on weight andbalance without re-weighing the airccraft? - ✔✔If the weight and balance records are up to date, a new weight and C.G. location can be determined by computation. Why is control of the weight and ballance of an aircraft important? - ✔✔To provide maximum safety. What is the datum of an aircraft and what is its function? - ✔✔The datum is an imaginary vertical plane at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the airplane. It is the reference point from which all horizontal measurements are taken. How do you determine the moment of an item of equipment? - ✔✔The weight of the item is multiplied by its arm, which is the distance between the item and the datum.
Where are leveling instructions found, and describe one method of leveling an aircraft? - ✔✔Leveling instructions are found in the Type Certificate Data Sheets. An aircraft may be leveled by using a spirit level at specified points, or an aircraft may be leveled by using a plumb bob from a designated point along with a leveling scale or protractor. Define the term "Mean Aerodynamic Chord" or MAC. - ✔✔Mean Aerodynamic Chord is the chord drawn through the center of the wing plan area. Describe the two most common ways of showing the C.G. location and/or C.G. range. - ✔✔In inches from the datum or in percent of MAC. What is the purpose of an aircraft loading graph? - ✔✔It is a method for determining how to distribute the load so as to keep the C.G. within allowable limits. What is ballast, and why would you use it in an airplane? - ✔✔Ballast is weight added to an airplane to bring its C.G. into the allowable or desired range. Installation of several new radios in the nose of an aircraft causes the forward C.G. limit to be exceeded. How can you correct this problem without removing the new equipment? - ✔✔Ballast may be installed in the tail to move the C.G. aft. How does the C.G range of a helicopter compare to that of a fixed-wing airplane? - ✔✔Helicopters typically have a much smaller C.G. range. How do you work harden a piece of metal? - ✔✔By cold working the metal. Describe the primary difference between a thermosetting and a thermopastic resin. - ✔✔A thermosetting resin doesn't soften when heated and chars or burns rather than melting. Thermoplastic resins become soft and pliable when heated, and harden when cooled. Explain how thermoplastic and thermosetting resins are commonly used in modern aircraft. - ✔✔Plexiglas is a thermoplastic resin commonly used for windshields and windows. Thermosetting resins are most often used as the matrix material in composite structures.
Name one of the types of resin commonly used as a matrix material for aircraft composite laminates. - ✔✔Polyester resin or Epoxy resin. What are some of the materials that are commonly used as the reinforcing component in a composite structure? - ✔✔Fiberglass, Aramid (Kevlar), Graphite (Carbon) fiber, linen, and paper. What are the reasons that alloy steel that is responsive to heat treatment is usually less suitable for welding? - ✔✔It may become brittle and lose its ductility in the area of the weld. Give one advantage of pre-preg (pre-impregnated) materials, other than saving time in the construction or repair of composite components. - ✔✔1. Pre-preg fabrics contain the corect amount of matrix. 2. The matrix material evenly and completely permeates the reinforcing fibers. 3. The matrix has the resin and hardener in the correct proportions. What is indicated by the markings on the heads of solid rivets? - ✔✔The material that they are made of, and indirectly, their strength. How can you keep heat treated aluminum alloy rivets soft enough to install after the quenching process?
- ✔✔If the rivets are stored in a freezer they will remain soft for several days. What is the grip length of a bolt? - ✔✔The length of the unthreaded portion. In what way are AN standard steel bolts identified? - ✔✔By the code markings on the bolt heads. What is the difference between a close tolerance bolt and a general putpose bolt? - ✔✔Close tolerance bolts are machined to more accurate dimensions. For what types of applications are self-locking nuts not allowed? - ✔✔Self locking nuts may not be used either the bolt or the nut is subject to rotation.
What are the names of the parts of a flareless tube fitting? - ✔✔The nut and the ferrule or sleeve. How can you tell a flareless fitting from a flare-type fitting? - ✔✔Flareless fittings don't have a flare cone and there is no space between the threads and the end of the fitting. What is the effect of over-tightening a flare type fitting? - ✔✔The sealing surface may be damaged or the flare cut off. In addition to being securely clamped, what is an additional requirement for installing metal fuel, oil and hydraulic lines? - ✔✔The lines must be electrically bonded to the structure. What are some of the important advantages of Teflon tubing? - ✔✔It is compatible with nearly every liquid, has a broad operating temperature range, low resistance to fluid flow and has a very long shelf and service life. Describe the identification markings commonly found on flexible hoses. - ✔✔A lay line, identification such as a Mil Spec number, the manufacturers name or symbol, the hose size and a date code. How can you determne if a flexible hose has been correctly or incorrrectly installed? - ✔✔The lay line will be straight if the hose is properly installed. A twisted lay line indicates an incorrect installation. How are flexible hose sizes designated? - ✔✔By the inside diameter, measured in 1/16th inch increments. What precautions must be observed when deburrring the end of a tube after it is cut? - ✔✔The wall thickness must not be reduced in size or fractured. Describe the operation of quick disconnect couplings. - ✔✔Each half has a valve that is held open when coupled and spring-loaded closed when disconnected.
If you fabricate a replacement for a flexible hose, what percent of the total length must be added to allow for movement under pressure? - ✔✔5 to 8 percent. What happens to the tube when a flareless fitting is overtightened? - ✔✔The tube is weakened when the nut drives the cutting edge of the sleeve too deeply into the tube. Why are quick disconnect fittings used? - ✔✔To provide a quick means to connect or disconnect a fluid line without loss of fluid or entrance of air into the system. Describe the steps involved in dye penetrant inspection. - ✔✔The surface is cleaned, and then penetrant is applied to dwell for a specified time. The penetrant is then removed with an emulsifier or cleaner. Once removed, the part is dried and then developer is applied. The results are then inspected and interpreted. Name some tools that are commonly used to assist in making visual inspections of welds. - ✔✔A magnifying glass, flashlight, mirror and, possibly, a borescope. What are some of the non-destructive testing methods that may be used on aluminum parts? - ✔✔Visual, dye penetrant, eddy current, ultrasonic testing and radiography. What process occurs during the preparation stage of a dye penetrant inspection when the penetrating liquid is applied, and then removed from a cracked part? - ✔✔The penetrant enters the crack by capillary action and remains there until made visible by the developer. A correctly made weld will have what bead width and how much penetration? - ✔✔The bead width should be 3 to 5 times the thickness of the base metal and there must be 100%. What tell tale chatacteristics are evidence of a cold weld? - ✔✔A cold weld has rough, irregular edges that are not feathered into the base metal and has variation in penetration amounts. The penetration of a fillet weld should be what percentage of the thickness of the base metal? - ✔✔ 25 to 50 percent.
What are the visible signs of filliform corrosion? - ✔✔Blistered paint surfaces or worm or thread-like tracks or patterns under the paint. What are two primary factors that may cause development of stress corrosion cracks? - ✔✔A corrosive environment and sustained tensile stress. What are the visible signs of fretting corrosion? - ✔✔The corrosion residue has a dark, smoky appearance and often appears around and streaming back from rivet heads. Why are piano-type hinges prime spots for corrosion? - ✔✔The steel pin and aluminum hinge material are dissimilar metals and the hinge design tends to trap moisture and contaminants. What is the best way to protect piano hinges from corrosion? - ✔✔Keep them clean and properly lubricated. Provide at least four examples of procedures used to prevent corrosion. - ✔✔1) Cleaning 2) Lubrication
- Treatment 4) Sealing 5) Inspection 6) Installing protective covers 7) Keeping drain holes free and clear. Describe the tools that should be used to remove corrosion from anodized aluminum surfaces. - ✔✔Nylon scrubber pads such as Scotch-Brite, bristle brushes, aluminum wool, or aluminum wire brushes. Describe the effects of using steel brushes or steel wool to remove corrosion from aluminum surfaces. - ✔✔Steel brushes or steel wool must not be used aluminum because steel particles can become embedded in the aluminum and cause corrosion. What is the purpose of Alodine? - ✔✔Alodine is a chemical process that deposits a protective film on aluminum alloys. This film improves corrosion resistance and paint adhesion. For what reason should you avoid cleaning anodized aluminum surfaces with aluminum metal polish? - ✔✔The metal polish ??????????????????????????
Why should aircraft fabrics and plastics be cleaned only with recommended cleaners? - ✔✔Recommended cleaners cause the least amount of deterioration or damage. List at least five examples of areas in an aircraft that are prone to corrosion. - ✔✔1) Battery compartments 2) Exhaust trail areas 3) Bilge areas 4) Vent areas 5) Landing gear and wheel wells 6) Fuel tanks 7) Wing flap recesses 8) Around and below galleys and lavatories 9) Piano Hinges 10) Any area that can trap water Name at least three possible hazards that may be encountered during typical ground operations, such as during engine run-up or taxiing? - ✔✔The possibility or fire, especially during engine starting. Turning props, rotors, prop or jet blast and inlet areas. Other aircraft, vehicles, people and obstacles. Foreign objects such as rocks, gravel, rags, or loose hardware. High noise levels that might cause hearing damage. Hydraulic lock in radial engines. Weathervaning of tailwheel aircraft. What is the most generally used knot for tying down small aircraft? - ✔✔The bowline (although other anti-ship knots may be used). Describe the precautions that should be taken to protect life and property while starting and running an aircraft engine. - ✔✔Study the procedures in the airplane flight manual. Be sure propeller intet area is clear and check for loose stones, gravel etc. that could be sucked into the prop or engine. Also ensure that the prop or jet blast doesn't blow into hangars or other airplanes, and have a fire guard nearby. If an engine induction fire occurs while starting a reciprocating engine, what procedure should be followed to extinguish the fire? - ✔✔Continue cranking the engine to start it and suck the fire into the engine. If the engine doesn't start and the fire continues to burn, discontinue the start attempt and extinguish the fire with a suitable fire extinguisher. What safety procedures must be observed when hand-propping a small aircraft engine? - ✔✔Become thoroughly trained. Have a qualified person in the cockpit, check the brakes, call "SWITCH OFF" before moving the prop, and make sure you have solid footing. When ready to start, call "CONTACT" and listen for the reply. Swing the prop with the flat of your hand and move back from the prop arc. What procedure should be followed prior to starting a large engine to detect and/or prevent a hydraulic lock in the cylinders? - ✔✔Pull the propeller through by hand for three or four complete revolutions. Resistance to the prop turning indicates a possible hydraulic lock in at least one of the cylinders.
Describe the important precautions that should be observed when fueling an aircraft. - ✔✔Be certain you are using the correct fuel, properly ground the aircraft and refueling unit, and protect the aircraft surfaces from hose and nozzle damage. The marking requirements for oil tank filler openings are specified by FAR23.1157. What markings are required for a piston engine powered airplane? - ✔✔The word "OIL" and the permissible grades and/or types or a reference to the appropriate Airplane Flight Manual for permissible grade and/or types. Where can the standard aircraft taxi hand signals be found? - ✔✔In the aeronautical information manual (AIM). Under what conditions should a reciprocating engine be pre-oiled? - ✔✔Prior to starting a new engine or one that has been preserved for storage. This ensures adequate lubrication on initial startup. Under what conditions may automobile gasoline be used in an aircraft engine? - ✔✔Only if approved by the FAA, usually by the issuance of a Supplemental Type Certificate (STC). What are the indications of water in aircraft fuel after draining a sample from the fuel sumps? - ✔✔The sample may have a cloudy or hazy appearance or a solid slug of water. What federal aviation regulation prescribes the requirements for issuance of a type certificate? - ✔✔FAR (14 CFR) Part 21. What part of the FARs describes the airworthiness standards for Transport Category airplanes? - ✔✔FAR part 25. What part of the FARs describes the performance chatacteristics that a small aircraft must demonstrate in order to be airworthy? - ✔✔FAR Part 23. Who is responsible for ensuring that only the most current information is used when performing maintanance on an aircraft? - ✔✔The person performing the maintenance.
Why are Airworthiness Directives issued? - ✔✔To correct unsafe conditions found in aircraft, engines, propellers, or appliances. How does the FAA notify aircraft owners of unsafe conditions that must be corrected? - ✔✔By issuing Airworthiness Directives. How do you determine the timeframe within which AD compiance is required? - ✔✔The AD contains the compliance time or period for completing the corrective action. If a mechanic wishes to develop a checklist for an annual or 100-hour inspection, what publication contains the guidelines for the required inspection items? - ✔✔FAR Part 43, Appendix D contains the scope and detail of an inspection checklist. How can you determine if the repair of damage is a major or minor repair? - ✔✔FAR Part 43, Appendix A defines major and minor repairs as well as preventive maintenance. What publication might you consult for guidance when maintaining an old aircraft for which no maintenance manual exists? - ✔✔AC43.13-1B or its latest revision. What are Advisory Circulars? - ✔✔Non-regulatory information of interest to the aviation public. What publication would you consult to determine an aircraft's (or engine's or propeller's) type design and its limitations? - ✔✔The Type Certificate Data Sheeets and/or Aircraft Specifications. In what FAA publication could you find a list of engines approved for use in a specific make and model of airplanes? - ✔✔In the Type Certificate Data Sheets and/or Aircraft Specifications. What reference material can be used to determine if an aircraft is certificated in more than one category? - ✔✔In the Type Certificate Data Sheets and/or Aircraft Specifications.
