Download AGR 300 Final Exam Questions: Lipids, Proteins, and Vitamins in Animal Nutrition and more Exams Veterinary in PDF only on Docsity!
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What are the three main elements that create a lipid? -- Answer โโ Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen Olive oil, which is liquid at room temperature, is an example of which type of fatty acid? -- Answer โโ Mono-Unsaturated Satiety value works to control an animal's ___________. -- Answer โโ appetite True or False: Lipids have no effect on how an animal maintains its body temperature. -- Answer โโ False True or False: Saturated fats have multiple bonds. -- Answer โโ False Name two things an alkaline solution is made of. -- Answer โโ Bile salts and cholesterol How does a ruminant digest lipids differently than a monogastric? -- Answer โโ Ruminants digest lipids differently than monogastric because the fat enters the small intestine in a different form than the form that was presented to the animal in its diet. Ruminants also digest lipids more slowly than monogastric. The result of biohydrogenation is that fatty acids become (more/less) saturated with hydrogen. -- Answer โโ more
Describe the process of micelle formation. -- Answer โโ Micelles are formed with bile salts, phospholipids, and cholesterol in water. This then combines with 2- monoglycerides, free fatty acids, and fat-soluble vitamins to form micelles. Name the source of the following fatty acids. Butyric Oleic Palmitoleic -- Answer โโ Butterfat Olive Oil Animal Fats True or False: Fatty acids are an essential part of an animal's diet. -- Answer โโ True Which of the following is NOT true of fatty acids?
- They contain an odd number of carbon atoms
- They are arranged in an unbranched line
- They have a carboxyl group at one end.
- They have a methyl group at one end. -- Answer โโ 1. They contain an odd number of carbon atoms. Linoleic acid is what type of fatty acid? Omega- 3 Omega- 6 Trans fat None of the above -- Answer โโ Omega- 6 Which of the following has more potential for oxidation?
- Lipids
Because amino acids are not sufficient enough in an animal's body, what types of feed would you consider to supply your animal with this nutrient? -- Answer โโ You could feed the animal functional proteins such as colostrum, plasma, yeast, or soy products. Protein works to __________ blood in an animal's body to keep the pH level at a homeostatic rate. -- Answer โโ buffer List AND Describe two types of protein in the ruminant diet. -- Answer โโ 1. Dietary protein. Dietary protein contains amino acids. There are two types; rumen degradable protein (RDP) and rumen undegradable protein (RUP).
- Dietary non-protein nitrogen (NPR). Provides a source of nitrogen for microbial protein synthesis and is not a true protein. True or False: Proteins are used for energy before other nutrients. -- Answer โโ False. Do microbial proteins depend on the quality of protein in feed? Why or why not? -- Answer โโ No. Rumen microbes use dietary protein but do not necessarily depend on the quality of the protein. Three factors limit microbial protein synthesis; energy, available nitrogen, and available carbohydrates. As long as these three factors are available, then microbial protein synthesis will be able to supply a fairly constant quality protein to the lower digestive tract regardless of the quality of the protein in the feed. Antibodies are _________ that attach to and inactivate _________ and _________ that may cause infection. -- Answer โโ proteins bacteria viruses Complete the chain of protein transport in the blood.
Enterocytes ------> Portal Blood ------> Liver ------> ____________ -- Answer โโ tissues Match the protein structure with its description.
- Primary
- Secondary
- Tertiary
- Quaternary -- Answer โโ 1. Sequence of amino acids.
- Twisting of chains into coiled structures.
- Grouping of secondary structures.
- Several tertiary structures are linked = Large complex proteins. What is a common act a producer might do that would cause his/her animal to have excess glucose in its blood? How can this be corrected? -- Answer โโ Something a producer might do that would cause his/her animal to have excess glucose in its blood is feeding the animal too much protein. When excess protein is fed, some amino acids are converted to glucose. This can be corrected by decreasing the animal's protein intake. True or False: Monogastric absorb whole proteins. -- Answer โโ False The average range of pH in a mono gastric animal's stomach is _______ to ______. -- Answer โโ 1.6 to 3. What three things are proteins broken down to? Triglycerides Free amino acids
List AND Describe three factors affecting ruminant degradation. -- Answer โโ 1. Rate of passage. As the rate of passage goes up, degradation goes down.
- Solubility in water. The protein must be solubilized prior to degradation.
- Heat treatment. Heat treatment decreases degradation. True or False: Absorption of inact proteins has a significant impact on an animal's nutritional welfare. -- Answer โโ False. The prefix "vita" means __________. -- Answer โโ life True or False: Vitamins provide energy. -- Answer โโ False. Why is it important that reproducing animals intake more vitamins than non- reproducing animals? -- Answer โโ It is important that reproducing animals intake more vitamins than non-reproducing animals because vitamins function in nurturing growth and reproduction. This means that reproducing animals require more vitamins, and not getting enough vitamins can cause serious consequences to babies. Why might a lack of vitamin A affect a breeding animal, male and/or female? -- Answer โโ A lack of vitamin A could affect a breeding female by causing increased abortions and deformed young. In males it can cause keratinization of testicular epithelium. True or False: Fat soluble vitamins are not stored in the liver. -- Answer โโ False. Match the percentage of relative vitamin A activity in alfalfa hay according to the length of storage.
- Fresh
- Baled
- 6 months storage
- 1 year storage -- Answer โโ 1. 100%
- 42%
- 11%
- 9% Create a breakfast meal for a human to fulfill their need for Vitamin A. -- Answer โโ A breakfast for humans that would fulfill their need for vitamin A could be a glass of milk and an omelet. The omelet would have an animal source of vitamin A from the egg yolk and a plane source from vegetables such as spinach. Which of the following vitamins are more important to take on a daily basis?
- Water-soluble vitamins
- Retinoid vitamins
- Growth vitamins
- Fat-soluble vitamins -- Answer โโ 1. Water-soluble vitamins Select two vitamin D deficiency effects in poultry production.
- Increased birth defects
- Decreased egg production
- Callused egg shells
- Thin-shelled eggs -- Answer โโ 2. Decreased egg production
- Thin-shelled eggs True or False: Vitamins continually remain as active as they are when created. -- Answer โโ False. What is an international unit? -- Answer โโ An international unit (IU) is the standard unit of measure for fat-soluble vitamins. The unit of potency is based on bioassay that produces a particular effect agreed on internationally.
Oily fish Egg white Egg yolk Butter Calcium Green vegetables -- Answer โโ 1. Oily fish
- Egg yolk
- Butter Processing generally _____________ the amount of vitamins in feed. -- Answer โโ decreases True or False: The majority of mammals can synthesize vitamin C. -- Answer โโ True. Define vitamin. -- Answer โโ Vitamins are essential organic compounds required in very small amounts that are involved in fundamental functions of the body. Who was the biochemist who discovered vitamins? -- Answer โโ Casimir Funk Which of the following are fat-soluble vitamins? (Check all that apply)
- A
- D
- C
- K -- Answer โโ 1. A
- D
- K Describe the effects of rickets on a calf. -- Answer โโ Rickets is a vitamin D deficiency that causes a failure of bones to grow properly in young animals. This will result in a calf having "bowed" legs, outward bowed chest, and knobs on ribs.
True or False: An animal can never have too much vitamin A. -- Answer โโ False. Calcium resorption helps development in which part(s) of the body? Large intestine Small intestine Blood calcium Bone and Kidneys -- Answer โโ Bone and Kidneys Select three functions of vitamins.`
- Acts as a metabolic fuel
- Prevents deficiency disease
- Tone meat muscle
- Acts as a catalyst of bodily reactions
- Nurtures growth and reproduction -- Answer โโ 1. Prevents deficiency disease.
- Acts as a catalyst of bodily reactions.
- Nurtures growth and reproduction. What is the difference between osteoblasts and osteoclasts? -- Answer โโ Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells that secrete collagen, which calcifies. Osteoclasts are the opposite of osteoblasts because osteoclasts break down bone and are derived from stem cells. An _________________________ expresses the vitamin D requirements of poultry. -- Answer โโ International Chick Unit Name three roles of vitamin A that would be useful for the market animal. -- Answer โโ 1. Promote vision.
- Support reproduction and growth.
- Support immunity.
Colon Heart DNA Thyroid -- Answer โโ 1. Lungs
- Heart
- DNA True or False: Vitamin E deficiency is fairly common. -- Answer โโ False. Match the thiamin deficiency with its corresponding symptoms and effects.
- Polyneuritis
- Pitting Edema
- Beriberi Heart
- Peripheral Neuritis -- Answer โโ 1. Arched back; Hyperextended hind legs.
- Swelling of legs; Indented ankles.
- Emotion disturbance; Damaged peripheral nerves; Irregular heart rate.
- Limitation of ankle movement. Which of the following is NOT a quality plant source of vitamin K? Carrots Green leafy vegetables Some vegetable oils Clover Fescue Broccoli -- Answer โโ Carrots Clover Fescue Which of these is NOT a symptom of vitamin D toxicity?
- Glaucoma
- Calcification of soft tissue
- Excessive thirst/urination
- Lack of appetite -- Answer โโ 1. Glaucoma _____________________ is a deficiency symptom of a lack of vitamin A. -- Answer โโ Night Blindness Which of the following is NOT a method of excretion/secretion? Urine Bile Sweat Hair Feces Milk -- Answer โโ Hair True or False: Minerals can be found in all feedstuffs. -- Answer โโ True. Select all the apply An animal's _________________ affects their mineral requirements. Breed Rate of Growth Genetic Dispotion Physiological State -- Answer โโ Breed Rate of Growth Physiological State Which of the following is NOT a macromineral?
diet. They do this by eating non-food items such as excrement, which is called coprophagia. True or False: Potassium deficiency is fairly common in production animals. -- Answer โโ False. Describe the functions of potassium. -- Answer โโ Potassium functions in the regulation of osmotic and acid-base balance, transmission of nerve impulses, and is a cofactor for several reactions in carbohydrate metabolism. True or False: It is better for iron to be absorbed from plant sources rather than animal sources. -- Answer โโ False. __________ is the most common mineral deficiency in the world. -- Answer โโ Iron Describe one common use of iron in the swine industry and why it is effective. -- Answer โโ One common use of iron in the swine industry is injecting baby pigs with iron dextran. Baby pigs are born with limited stores of iron and their milk has low levels of iron. This makes injections an effective way of reaching their iron requirements. Two iodine deficiencies include ___________ and ___________. Which deficiency is more severe? -- Answer โโ Goiter and Cretinism Cretinism Math the feedstuff with it's relative calcium percentage.
- Dicalcium phosphate
- Bone meal
- Limestone
- Fish meal -- Answer โโ 1. 25%
Phosphorus should always be _____________ calcium. -- Answer โโ less than True or False: Minerals may interact with each other and alter their effectiveness. -- Answer โโ True. __________________ excess may lead to a possible iron deficiency. Magnesium Manganese Phosphorus Iron -- Answer โโ Manganese
