Download AGR 300 Exam 1 Questions and Answers: Digestion and Nutrition in Animals and more Exams Veterinary in PDF only on Docsity!
AGR 300 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
digestion -- Answer โโ process of breaking down feed (food) particles outside of the body metabolism -- Answer โโ happens after digestion and absorption any and all chemical processes that occur in living organisms which are vital to support life absorption -- Answer โโ to take within process of transporting nutrients across cell membranes digestive system -- Answer โโ the total system through which food (feed) is acted upon through chemical and physical means from the mouth to the anus ruminant -- Answer โโ highly compartmentalized, complex type stomach monogastric -- Answer โโ simple stomach animals non-ruminant herbivores -- Answer โโ monogastric animals that are herbivores prehension -- Answer โโ process of taking in food and water mastication -- Answer โโ chewing rumination -- Answer โโ chewing the cud eructation -- Answer โโ gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth
peristalsis -- Answer โโ Muscular wave-like movement to transport food through the digestive system cardia -- Answer โโ area around the opening of the esophagus esophageal groove -- Answer โโ muscular tube that forms due to nursing that allows milk to bypass the rumen and be transported to the abomasum 2 - way peristalsis -- Answer โโ peristaltic waves that move caudal to cranial, associated with rumination hardware disease -- Answer โโ A disease in ruminant animals caused by irritation of the lining of the reticulum by swallowed metal objects. chyme -- Answer โโ gray acid semifluid pulpy mash exiting the stomach bile -- Answer โโ a bitter yellowish-green alkaline fluid that aids digestion and is secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. cecum -- Answer โโ intraperitoneal pouch located between the small and large intestine considered to be the start of the large intestine feces -- Answer โโ any feed material that is not digested or absorbed - including sluffed off intestinal cells, digestive secretions, and microbes feeds -- Answer โโ any material fed to an animal for the purpose of meeting their nutritional requirements oseomalacia -- Answer โโ softening of the bone
two enzymes in the mouth that begin breaking down starches into simple sugars -- Answer โโ amylase and maltase rumen environment -- Answer โโ fermentation occurs microbes get first dibs on everything constantly in motion (papillae) why is the environment of the rumen important -- Answer โโ further breaks down the size of the food particles 3 primary by-products of microbial fermentation in the rumen that the animal uses for fuel (3 VFAs) -- Answer โโ acetate, propionate, and butyrate other products of microbial fermentation -- Answer โโ heat, low quality protein broken down to supply the animals essential fatty acid requirements, some vitamins and minerals, gas two types of rumen contractions -- Answer โโ primary - carnal to caudal, functions to mix digesta secondary - caudal to cranial, associated with eructation, gas mixed with incoming air process of rumination -- Answer โโ chewing the cud repeatedly to break down particle size Anatomy and Physiology of reticulum -- Answer โโ honeycomb structure moves digestia collection site for foreign objects Anatomy and Physiology of omasum -- Answer โโ "leaves of the bible," hard/spherical
all functions are unclear some water absorption muscle contraction Anatomy and Physiology of abomasum -- Answer โโ true stomach, most closely resembles the monogastric stomach stores food starts digestion kills microbes compare pH of rumen to abomasum, why is this important -- Answer โโ rumen (6.7-7, neutral) abomasum (2-2.2, acidic) this is important because the microbes like to live in a more neutral environment and the acidity of the abomasum kills them off Why can young ruminants not utilize the nutrients found in roughages or grains? -- Answer โโ they don't have a fully developed rumen and they have to acquire the microbes by nursing or sharing a watering hole, etc. how are microbes introduced into the rumen of young ruminants why is this important -- Answer โโ nursing, sharing common feed and water supply, being exposed to dirt and forages, licking/grooming of each other this is important because young ruminants are not born with the microbes in the rumen, they have to acquire them from outside sources in order for the rumen to become of use to the animal
Mechanical digestion -- Answer โโ physical chewing, and gut motility chemical digestion -- Answer โโ enzymatic digestion enzymes break down also includes microbial in ruminants 6 types of nutrients -- Answer โโ carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, water most limited nutrient and its functions -- Answer โโ water metabolic rxns, transportation of nutrients, maintain normal body temp, gives the body its shape (cell contents) Why are ruminants more effective at utilizing complex carbohydrates found in forages compared to monogastric? -- Answer โโ microbial fermentation two types of carbohydrates -- Answer โโ simple and complex examples of simple carbs -- Answer โโ starch examples of complex carbs -- Answer โโ cellulose and hemicellulose fats and oils are referred to as -- Answer โโ lipids benefit of burning fat over CHOs -- Answer โโ contains 2.25 times more energy 2 essential fatty acids -- Answer โโ linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid
why are linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid important -- Answer โโ they function in production of some hormones, cellular structure, and synthesis of specialized fats (omega 3 and 6) storage form of fat in the body -- Answer โโ triglycerides saturated -- Answer โโ have single bonds between carbon atoms Unsaturated -- Answer โโ have one or more double bonds polyunsaturated -- Answer โโ unsaturated fatty acids that have more than one double bond composition of proteins that differs from CHO or lipids -- Answer โโ amino acids simple proteins -- Answer โโ contain only amino acids complex proteins -- Answer โโ contain additional non-AA substances such as hemiproteins, glycoproteins, and lipoproteins average percent crude protein for feedstuff -- Answer โโ about 16% multiplier used to determine the % CP based on known nitrogen content -- Answer โโ
primary site for absorption of nutrients -- Answer โโ small intestine Macrominerals -- Answer โโ needed in larger quantities in the body microminerals -- Answer โโ needed in smaller quantities in the body
blood level increases to 2x normal hemolytic crises dullness, anorexia, dehydration, acute thirst, and death typically within 2-4 days after onset of clinic symptoms black urine is a classic indicator why are ruminants (esp. sheep) more at risk than non-rum for developing Cu poisoning -- Answer โโ they have limited ability to produce metallothionines and a limited ability to secrete it in the bile and urine myoglobin -- Answer โโ oxygen binding protein, found in the muscle hemoglobin -- Answer โโ oxygen binding protein found on the surface of RBCs what mineral are hemoglobin and myoglobin associated with -- Answer โโ iron (Fe) what is the active form of cobalt in the body -- Answer โโ cobalamin (vitamin B12) resorption -- Answer โโ rapid way to mobilize Ca in the body bone remodeling - when adequate Ca is available, excess Ca is stored via bone growth/formation what substrates do amylase and sucrase act upon and what sugars are produced -- Answer โโ starch - maltose maltose- produces glucose
food coming in contact with the walls of the stomach (abomasum in rum) stimulates the production of what gastric juices? What are they breaking down -- Answer โโ Pepsin - breaking down proteins Rennin - breaks down casein gastric lipase - cleaves fatty acids what are 2 sources of CHOs found in animal tissues that are a readily available source of energy? -- Answer โโ glucose and glycogen name the predominant complex CHO found in the cell walls of forages -- Answer โโ cellulose where are acetate, propionate, and butyrate absorbed and metabolized -- Answer โโ Absorbed across rumen wall and travel through the blood and go to the liver to be metabolized crop -- Answer โโ stores feedstuffs and allows it to be softened by saliva and secretions gizzard -- Answer โโ muscular stomach hard muscular organ lined with a thick horny like membrane two sets of strong muscles that act as the bird's teeth (so to speak) and thus functions is to crush and mix feed with digestive juices Proventriculus -- Answer โโ glandular stomach Meckel's diverticulum -- Answer โโ marks the end of the jejunum and starts the ileum
