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AGR 300 Exam 1 Questions and Answers: Digestion and Nutrition in Animals, Exams of Veterinary

A comprehensive set of questions and answers covering key concepts in animal digestion and nutrition, particularly focusing on ruminant and monogastric animals. It explores topics such as the digestive process, nutrient breakdown, microbial fermentation in the rumen, and the role of various enzymes and organs in digestion. Valuable for students studying animal science, agriculture, or related fields.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 02/26/2025

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AGR 300 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
digestion -- Answer โœ”โœ” process of breaking down feed (food) particles outside of the
body
metabolism -- Answer โœ”โœ” happens after digestion and absorption
any and all chemical processes that occur in living organisms which are vital to support
life
absorption -- Answer โœ”โœ” to take within
process of transporting nutrients across cell membranes
digestive system -- Answer โœ”โœ” the total system through which food (feed) is acted
upon through chemical and physical means from the mouth to the anus
ruminant -- Answer โœ”โœ” highly compartmentalized, complex type stomach
monogastric -- Answer โœ”โœ” simple stomach animals
non-ruminant herbivores -- Answer โœ”โœ” monogastric animals that are herbivores
prehension -- Answer โœ”โœ” process of taking in food and water
mastication -- Answer โœ”โœ” chewing
rumination -- Answer โœ”โœ” chewing the cud
eructation -- Answer โœ”โœ” gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth
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Download AGR 300 Exam 1 Questions and Answers: Digestion and Nutrition in Animals and more Exams Veterinary in PDF only on Docsity!

AGR 300 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS

digestion -- Answer โœ”โœ” process of breaking down feed (food) particles outside of the body metabolism -- Answer โœ”โœ” happens after digestion and absorption any and all chemical processes that occur in living organisms which are vital to support life absorption -- Answer โœ”โœ” to take within process of transporting nutrients across cell membranes digestive system -- Answer โœ”โœ” the total system through which food (feed) is acted upon through chemical and physical means from the mouth to the anus ruminant -- Answer โœ”โœ” highly compartmentalized, complex type stomach monogastric -- Answer โœ”โœ” simple stomach animals non-ruminant herbivores -- Answer โœ”โœ” monogastric animals that are herbivores prehension -- Answer โœ”โœ” process of taking in food and water mastication -- Answer โœ”โœ” chewing rumination -- Answer โœ”โœ” chewing the cud eructation -- Answer โœ”โœ” gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth

peristalsis -- Answer โœ”โœ” Muscular wave-like movement to transport food through the digestive system cardia -- Answer โœ”โœ” area around the opening of the esophagus esophageal groove -- Answer โœ”โœ” muscular tube that forms due to nursing that allows milk to bypass the rumen and be transported to the abomasum 2 - way peristalsis -- Answer โœ”โœ” peristaltic waves that move caudal to cranial, associated with rumination hardware disease -- Answer โœ”โœ” A disease in ruminant animals caused by irritation of the lining of the reticulum by swallowed metal objects. chyme -- Answer โœ”โœ” gray acid semifluid pulpy mash exiting the stomach bile -- Answer โœ”โœ” a bitter yellowish-green alkaline fluid that aids digestion and is secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. cecum -- Answer โœ”โœ” intraperitoneal pouch located between the small and large intestine considered to be the start of the large intestine feces -- Answer โœ”โœ” any feed material that is not digested or absorbed - including sluffed off intestinal cells, digestive secretions, and microbes feeds -- Answer โœ”โœ” any material fed to an animal for the purpose of meeting their nutritional requirements oseomalacia -- Answer โœ”โœ” softening of the bone

two enzymes in the mouth that begin breaking down starches into simple sugars -- Answer โœ”โœ” amylase and maltase rumen environment -- Answer โœ”โœ” fermentation occurs microbes get first dibs on everything constantly in motion (papillae) why is the environment of the rumen important -- Answer โœ”โœ” further breaks down the size of the food particles 3 primary by-products of microbial fermentation in the rumen that the animal uses for fuel (3 VFAs) -- Answer โœ”โœ” acetate, propionate, and butyrate other products of microbial fermentation -- Answer โœ”โœ” heat, low quality protein broken down to supply the animals essential fatty acid requirements, some vitamins and minerals, gas two types of rumen contractions -- Answer โœ”โœ” primary - carnal to caudal, functions to mix digesta secondary - caudal to cranial, associated with eructation, gas mixed with incoming air process of rumination -- Answer โœ”โœ” chewing the cud repeatedly to break down particle size Anatomy and Physiology of reticulum -- Answer โœ”โœ” honeycomb structure moves digestia collection site for foreign objects Anatomy and Physiology of omasum -- Answer โœ”โœ” "leaves of the bible," hard/spherical

all functions are unclear some water absorption muscle contraction Anatomy and Physiology of abomasum -- Answer โœ”โœ” true stomach, most closely resembles the monogastric stomach stores food starts digestion kills microbes compare pH of rumen to abomasum, why is this important -- Answer โœ”โœ” rumen (6.7-7, neutral) abomasum (2-2.2, acidic) this is important because the microbes like to live in a more neutral environment and the acidity of the abomasum kills them off Why can young ruminants not utilize the nutrients found in roughages or grains? -- Answer โœ”โœ” they don't have a fully developed rumen and they have to acquire the microbes by nursing or sharing a watering hole, etc. how are microbes introduced into the rumen of young ruminants why is this important -- Answer โœ”โœ” nursing, sharing common feed and water supply, being exposed to dirt and forages, licking/grooming of each other this is important because young ruminants are not born with the microbes in the rumen, they have to acquire them from outside sources in order for the rumen to become of use to the animal

Mechanical digestion -- Answer โœ”โœ” physical chewing, and gut motility chemical digestion -- Answer โœ”โœ” enzymatic digestion enzymes break down also includes microbial in ruminants 6 types of nutrients -- Answer โœ”โœ” carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, water most limited nutrient and its functions -- Answer โœ”โœ” water metabolic rxns, transportation of nutrients, maintain normal body temp, gives the body its shape (cell contents) Why are ruminants more effective at utilizing complex carbohydrates found in forages compared to monogastric? -- Answer โœ”โœ” microbial fermentation two types of carbohydrates -- Answer โœ”โœ” simple and complex examples of simple carbs -- Answer โœ”โœ” starch examples of complex carbs -- Answer โœ”โœ” cellulose and hemicellulose fats and oils are referred to as -- Answer โœ”โœ” lipids benefit of burning fat over CHOs -- Answer โœ”โœ” contains 2.25 times more energy 2 essential fatty acids -- Answer โœ”โœ” linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid

why are linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid important -- Answer โœ”โœ” they function in production of some hormones, cellular structure, and synthesis of specialized fats (omega 3 and 6) storage form of fat in the body -- Answer โœ”โœ” triglycerides saturated -- Answer โœ”โœ” have single bonds between carbon atoms Unsaturated -- Answer โœ”โœ” have one or more double bonds polyunsaturated -- Answer โœ”โœ” unsaturated fatty acids that have more than one double bond composition of proteins that differs from CHO or lipids -- Answer โœ”โœ” amino acids simple proteins -- Answer โœ”โœ” contain only amino acids complex proteins -- Answer โœ”โœ” contain additional non-AA substances such as hemiproteins, glycoproteins, and lipoproteins average percent crude protein for feedstuff -- Answer โœ”โœ” about 16% multiplier used to determine the % CP based on known nitrogen content -- Answer โœ”โœ”

primary site for absorption of nutrients -- Answer โœ”โœ” small intestine Macrominerals -- Answer โœ”โœ” needed in larger quantities in the body microminerals -- Answer โœ”โœ” needed in smaller quantities in the body

blood level increases to 2x normal hemolytic crises dullness, anorexia, dehydration, acute thirst, and death typically within 2-4 days after onset of clinic symptoms black urine is a classic indicator why are ruminants (esp. sheep) more at risk than non-rum for developing Cu poisoning -- Answer โœ”โœ” they have limited ability to produce metallothionines and a limited ability to secrete it in the bile and urine myoglobin -- Answer โœ”โœ” oxygen binding protein, found in the muscle hemoglobin -- Answer โœ”โœ” oxygen binding protein found on the surface of RBCs what mineral are hemoglobin and myoglobin associated with -- Answer โœ”โœ” iron (Fe) what is the active form of cobalt in the body -- Answer โœ”โœ” cobalamin (vitamin B12) resorption -- Answer โœ”โœ” rapid way to mobilize Ca in the body bone remodeling - when adequate Ca is available, excess Ca is stored via bone growth/formation what substrates do amylase and sucrase act upon and what sugars are produced -- Answer โœ”โœ” starch - maltose maltose- produces glucose

food coming in contact with the walls of the stomach (abomasum in rum) stimulates the production of what gastric juices? What are they breaking down -- Answer โœ”โœ” Pepsin - breaking down proteins Rennin - breaks down casein gastric lipase - cleaves fatty acids what are 2 sources of CHOs found in animal tissues that are a readily available source of energy? -- Answer โœ”โœ” glucose and glycogen name the predominant complex CHO found in the cell walls of forages -- Answer โœ”โœ” cellulose where are acetate, propionate, and butyrate absorbed and metabolized -- Answer โœ”โœ” Absorbed across rumen wall and travel through the blood and go to the liver to be metabolized crop -- Answer โœ”โœ” stores feedstuffs and allows it to be softened by saliva and secretions gizzard -- Answer โœ”โœ” muscular stomach hard muscular organ lined with a thick horny like membrane two sets of strong muscles that act as the bird's teeth (so to speak) and thus functions is to crush and mix feed with digestive juices Proventriculus -- Answer โœ”โœ” glandular stomach Meckel's diverticulum -- Answer โœ”โœ” marks the end of the jejunum and starts the ileum