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AGR 300 ANIMAL NUTRITION- MIDTERM EXAM QUESTIONS
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Oligosaccharides -- Answer โโ 3 - 10 sugar molecules Disaccharide -- Answer โโ 2 sugar molecules Monosaccharide -- Answer โโ 1 sugar molecule Polysaccharides -- Answer โโ 10+ sugar molecules Amylose -- Answer โโ straight chain of 1/4 alpha linkages; 25% of total plant starch, and water soluble Amylopectin -- Answer โโ not water soluble; 75% of total plant starch, and contains 1- 4 linkages with 1-6 linkages at branch points Glycogen -- Answer โโ animal starch, small amounts in the liver and muscle, highly branched, and water soluble Cellulose -- Answer โโ structural carbohydrate digested by rumen microbes Lignin -- Answer โโ Structural carbohydrate that is not digestible Hemicellulose -- Answer โโ Structural carbohydrate digested by rumen microbes Soluble Sugars -- Answer โโ Non-structural carbohydrate digested by mono gastric animals or ruminant animals
Ruminants can break down lignin as long as they are provided plenty of water -- Answer โโ false What are two reasons a producer might want to feed indigestible fiber (soluble or insoluble) to a monogastric animal (non-horse) -- Answer โโ Indigestible fibers can be used as prebiotic for animals and help with gut health. Most feed carbohydrates are monosaccharides. -- Answer โโ false Which of the following sugars can be absorbed into the body? -- Answer โโ Monosaccharides Lactose -- Answer โโ glucose + galactose Sucrose -- Answer โโ glucose + fructose Maltose -- Answer โโ glucose + glucose Describe the differences in carbohydrate digestion and absorption between ruminant and non-ruminant animals. -- Answer โโ Ruminants have the ability to break down plant matter unlike monogastrics and do not depend on carbohydrates for energy. Ruminants use vfas for energy sources while monogastrics use absorption of carbohydrates and glucose for energy. In ruminant animals, most carbohydrates are fermented in the -- Answer โโ rumen Cellulolytic bacteria are predominate in animals fed 1) diets, while amylolytic bacteria are predominate in animals fed 2) diets -- Answer โโ 1) roughage
- grain Cellulose takes longer to ferment than simple sugars -- Answer โโ true As rumen ph decreases, cellulolytic bacteria become more active. -- Answer โโ false Acetic acid (by-products) -- Answer โโ Carbon dioxide, methane, and heat
Ruminant animals have a highly developed set of upper incisors. -- Answer โโ false Molars (function) -- Answer โโ grinding and crushing Canines (function) -- Answer โโ tearing Incisors function -- Answer โโ ripping and/or nipping Masseter and medial pterygoid -- Answer โโ force for general crushing and grinding Lateral pterygoid -- Answer โโ Lateral movement in herbivores Temporalis muscle -- Answer โโ Maximum force in anterior of jaw The quantity of saliva produced by an animal is directly related to its level of _________ activity -- Answer โโ chewing Most horses have difficulty belching out gasses -- Answer โโ True Which of the following is not a function of saliva -- Answer โโ Denature Protein Deglutition (swallowing) is initiated by the presence of food in the -- Answer โโ Pharynx Dogs have minimal control over food movement in their esophagus -- Answer โโ false A ruminant esophagus has striated muscles in its __________________. -- Answer โโ entire length The lowest portion of a birds esophagus is the -- Answer โโ Crop What is a function of gastric digestion -- Answer โโ 1) mix food
- kill bacteria
- produce hormones
- control release of food into the small intestine Clotting of milk is caused by which stomach secretion -- Answer โโ Rennin Hydrolyzing proteins is caused by which stomach secretion -- Answer โโ pepsinogen Denaturing protein is caused by which stomach secretion -- Answer โโ hcl Decrease in stomach ph is caused by which stomach secretion -- Answer โโ hcl Which of the following gastrointestinal hormones does NOT originate in the Duodenum? -- Answer โโ Gastrin Which of the following gastrointestinal hormones originate in the Duodenum? -- Answer โโ secretin, cholecystokinin, gastric inhibitory protein Development of rumen papilla is spurred by what two fatty acids? -- Answer โโ Butyric & Propionic Acid What two gasses are primarily produced and belched out during the rumination process? -- Answer โโ Carbon Dioxide and methane What Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA) is most prevalent in the rumen? -- Answer โโ Acetate Which of the following can occur when a ruminant animal suffers rumen acidosis? -- Answer โโ Laminitis Decreased Milk production Reduced availability of protein Reduced availability of energy Most Mineral absorption occurs in the rumen -- Answer โโ false Which of the following is not a region of the abomasum -- Answer โโ anterior Regions of the abomasum -- Answer โโ cardiac, fundic, pyloric
Absorption of water Storage of digesta An animal's ability to digest milk decreases with age -- Answer โโ true In your own words, describe the digestive differences between pre-gastric fermenters and post-gastric fermenters. Include examples of each as well as advantages and disadvantages. -- Answer โโ Pre-gastric fermenters, such as cattle, sheep, or monkeys, have advantages like the ability to detoxify dangerous compounds or have better usage of alternative nutrients. Disadvantages are that they lose a lot of energy and they are susceptible to toxins made by the rumen microbes. Post-gastric fermenters, such as rabbits, horses, dogs, or humans, succeed in things like a fast turnover time, but they are at a disadvantage when it comes to the lack of availability of microbial protein and nutrients. Summarize feeding strategies that can maximize microbial growth in the rumen. -- Answer โโ Keeping a steady and consistent diet stabilizes the microbes in the rumen, or change at a gradual rate. Feed needs to be available at all times. Maximize Dry matter intake, and balance the carbohydrate and protein fractions at the same time. The most prevalent type of rumen microbes are -- Answer โโ bacteria Microbes reap little or no benefit from their relationship with ruminant animals. -- Answer โโ false The primary source of energy produced in the rumen is in the form of -- Answer โโ volatile fatty acids Microbes provide all of the following benefits to the ruminant -- Answer โโ Provide high quality protein, produce volatile fatty acids, digest cellulose and hemicellulose, detoxify some toxic compounds What are the two most prevalent gasses in the rumen -- Answer โโ carbon dioxide and methane
Unlike the act of vomiting, regurgitation is a controlled and deliberate process. In your own words, explain the process (steps) of regurgitation -- Answer โโ Regurgitation occurs when the food in the fiber mat is itching the surface of the reticulum, then the reticulum pushes the bolus back into the esophagus. The tongue then squeezes out the fluid of the bolus, re-swallows the fluid, and allows the bolus to be remasticated. Ruminant animals spend about a third of their day eating and a third of their day ruminating. -- Answer โโ true Regurgitation -- Answer โโ using reverse peristalsis to return food to the mouth Remastication -- Answer โโ Rechewing the food bolus in the mouth Reinsalvation -- Answer โโ Adding more saliva to the food bolus Redeglutition -- Answer โโ Re-swallowing the food bolus and liquids True or False: A ruminant can survive indefinitely without a functional rumen as long as it is not fed roughages. -- Answer โโ false Bacterial microbes are introduced to the rumen in all of the following ways except -- Answer โโ present at birth In your own words, summarize the information provided about how diet affects rumen development through the first 12 weeks of life. Also, explain the implications for feeding young ruminant animals and how early diet might affect future animal performance. -- Answer โโ New born ruminants have to be transitioned from one stage to another because of their rumen development. By slowly weaning and adding in more grain and forage, it allows the rumen to develop the bacteria, microbes, papillae and volume. The exposure to solid feed and other animals allows the newborn to strengthen and develop the rumen. If the young ruminant is not fed solid feed before 6-8 months, there will be a chance of sudden death of the animals due to lack of rumen fermentation. Intestinal sucrase is an enzyme that digests carbohydrates in ruminant animals -- Answer โโ false
