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AGR 300 Animal Nutrition - Midterm Exam Questions with Complete Solutions, Exams of Veterinary

A comprehensive set of questions and answers covering key concepts in animal nutrition, particularly focusing on carbohydrate digestion and absorption in ruminant and non-ruminant animals. It explores the role of different types of carbohydrates, the digestive processes in various animal species, and the functions of key digestive enzymes and organs. Valuable for students studying animal science, agriculture, or related fields.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 02/26/2025

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AGR 300 ANIMAL NUTRITION- MIDTERM EXAM QUESTIONS
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Oligosaccharides -- Answer โœ”โœ” 3-10 sugar molecules
Disaccharide -- Answer โœ”โœ” 2 sugar molecules
Monosaccharide -- Answer โœ”โœ” 1 sugar molecule
Polysaccharides -- Answer โœ”โœ” 10+ sugar molecules
Amylose -- Answer โœ”โœ” straight chain of 1/4 alpha linkages; 25% of total plant starch,
and water soluble
Amylopectin -- Answer โœ”โœ” not water soluble; 75% of total plant starch, and contains 1-
4 linkages with 1-6 linkages at branch points
Glycogen -- Answer โœ”โœ” animal starch, small amounts in the liver and muscle, highly
branched, and water soluble
Cellulose -- Answer โœ”โœ” structural carbohydrate digested by rumen microbes
Lignin -- Answer โœ”โœ” Structural carbohydrate that is not digestible
Hemicellulose -- Answer โœ”โœ” Structural carbohydrate digested by rumen microbes
Soluble Sugars -- Answer โœ”โœ” Non-structural carbohydrate digested by mono gastric
animals or ruminant animals
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AGR 300 ANIMAL NUTRITION- MIDTERM EXAM QUESTIONS

WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS

Oligosaccharides -- Answer โœ”โœ” 3 - 10 sugar molecules Disaccharide -- Answer โœ”โœ” 2 sugar molecules Monosaccharide -- Answer โœ”โœ” 1 sugar molecule Polysaccharides -- Answer โœ”โœ” 10+ sugar molecules Amylose -- Answer โœ”โœ” straight chain of 1/4 alpha linkages; 25% of total plant starch, and water soluble Amylopectin -- Answer โœ”โœ” not water soluble; 75% of total plant starch, and contains 1- 4 linkages with 1-6 linkages at branch points Glycogen -- Answer โœ”โœ” animal starch, small amounts in the liver and muscle, highly branched, and water soluble Cellulose -- Answer โœ”โœ” structural carbohydrate digested by rumen microbes Lignin -- Answer โœ”โœ” Structural carbohydrate that is not digestible Hemicellulose -- Answer โœ”โœ” Structural carbohydrate digested by rumen microbes Soluble Sugars -- Answer โœ”โœ” Non-structural carbohydrate digested by mono gastric animals or ruminant animals

Ruminants can break down lignin as long as they are provided plenty of water -- Answer โœ”โœ” false What are two reasons a producer might want to feed indigestible fiber (soluble or insoluble) to a monogastric animal (non-horse) -- Answer โœ”โœ” Indigestible fibers can be used as prebiotic for animals and help with gut health. Most feed carbohydrates are monosaccharides. -- Answer โœ”โœ” false Which of the following sugars can be absorbed into the body? -- Answer โœ”โœ” Monosaccharides Lactose -- Answer โœ”โœ” glucose + galactose Sucrose -- Answer โœ”โœ” glucose + fructose Maltose -- Answer โœ”โœ” glucose + glucose Describe the differences in carbohydrate digestion and absorption between ruminant and non-ruminant animals. -- Answer โœ”โœ” Ruminants have the ability to break down plant matter unlike monogastrics and do not depend on carbohydrates for energy. Ruminants use vfas for energy sources while monogastrics use absorption of carbohydrates and glucose for energy. In ruminant animals, most carbohydrates are fermented in the -- Answer โœ”โœ” rumen Cellulolytic bacteria are predominate in animals fed 1) diets, while amylolytic bacteria are predominate in animals fed 2) diets -- Answer โœ”โœ” 1) roughage

  1. grain Cellulose takes longer to ferment than simple sugars -- Answer โœ”โœ” true As rumen ph decreases, cellulolytic bacteria become more active. -- Answer โœ”โœ” false Acetic acid (by-products) -- Answer โœ”โœ” Carbon dioxide, methane, and heat

Ruminant animals have a highly developed set of upper incisors. -- Answer โœ”โœ” false Molars (function) -- Answer โœ”โœ” grinding and crushing Canines (function) -- Answer โœ”โœ” tearing Incisors function -- Answer โœ”โœ” ripping and/or nipping Masseter and medial pterygoid -- Answer โœ”โœ” force for general crushing and grinding Lateral pterygoid -- Answer โœ”โœ” Lateral movement in herbivores Temporalis muscle -- Answer โœ”โœ” Maximum force in anterior of jaw The quantity of saliva produced by an animal is directly related to its level of _________ activity -- Answer โœ”โœ” chewing Most horses have difficulty belching out gasses -- Answer โœ”โœ” True Which of the following is not a function of saliva -- Answer โœ”โœ” Denature Protein Deglutition (swallowing) is initiated by the presence of food in the -- Answer โœ”โœ” Pharynx Dogs have minimal control over food movement in their esophagus -- Answer โœ”โœ” false A ruminant esophagus has striated muscles in its __________________. -- Answer โœ”โœ” entire length The lowest portion of a birds esophagus is the -- Answer โœ”โœ” Crop What is a function of gastric digestion -- Answer โœ”โœ” 1) mix food

  1. kill bacteria
  2. produce hormones
  1. control release of food into the small intestine Clotting of milk is caused by which stomach secretion -- Answer โœ”โœ” Rennin Hydrolyzing proteins is caused by which stomach secretion -- Answer โœ”โœ” pepsinogen Denaturing protein is caused by which stomach secretion -- Answer โœ”โœ” hcl Decrease in stomach ph is caused by which stomach secretion -- Answer โœ”โœ” hcl Which of the following gastrointestinal hormones does NOT originate in the Duodenum? -- Answer โœ”โœ” Gastrin Which of the following gastrointestinal hormones originate in the Duodenum? -- Answer โœ”โœ” secretin, cholecystokinin, gastric inhibitory protein Development of rumen papilla is spurred by what two fatty acids? -- Answer โœ”โœ” Butyric & Propionic Acid What two gasses are primarily produced and belched out during the rumination process? -- Answer โœ”โœ” Carbon Dioxide and methane What Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA) is most prevalent in the rumen? -- Answer โœ”โœ” Acetate Which of the following can occur when a ruminant animal suffers rumen acidosis? -- Answer โœ”โœ” Laminitis Decreased Milk production Reduced availability of protein Reduced availability of energy Most Mineral absorption occurs in the rumen -- Answer โœ”โœ” false Which of the following is not a region of the abomasum -- Answer โœ”โœ” anterior Regions of the abomasum -- Answer โœ”โœ” cardiac, fundic, pyloric

Absorption of water Storage of digesta An animal's ability to digest milk decreases with age -- Answer โœ”โœ” true In your own words, describe the digestive differences between pre-gastric fermenters and post-gastric fermenters. Include examples of each as well as advantages and disadvantages. -- Answer โœ”โœ” Pre-gastric fermenters, such as cattle, sheep, or monkeys, have advantages like the ability to detoxify dangerous compounds or have better usage of alternative nutrients. Disadvantages are that they lose a lot of energy and they are susceptible to toxins made by the rumen microbes. Post-gastric fermenters, such as rabbits, horses, dogs, or humans, succeed in things like a fast turnover time, but they are at a disadvantage when it comes to the lack of availability of microbial protein and nutrients. Summarize feeding strategies that can maximize microbial growth in the rumen. -- Answer โœ”โœ” Keeping a steady and consistent diet stabilizes the microbes in the rumen, or change at a gradual rate. Feed needs to be available at all times. Maximize Dry matter intake, and balance the carbohydrate and protein fractions at the same time. The most prevalent type of rumen microbes are -- Answer โœ”โœ” bacteria Microbes reap little or no benefit from their relationship with ruminant animals. -- Answer โœ”โœ” false The primary source of energy produced in the rumen is in the form of -- Answer โœ”โœ” volatile fatty acids Microbes provide all of the following benefits to the ruminant -- Answer โœ”โœ” Provide high quality protein, produce volatile fatty acids, digest cellulose and hemicellulose, detoxify some toxic compounds What are the two most prevalent gasses in the rumen -- Answer โœ”โœ” carbon dioxide and methane

Unlike the act of vomiting, regurgitation is a controlled and deliberate process. In your own words, explain the process (steps) of regurgitation -- Answer โœ”โœ” Regurgitation occurs when the food in the fiber mat is itching the surface of the reticulum, then the reticulum pushes the bolus back into the esophagus. The tongue then squeezes out the fluid of the bolus, re-swallows the fluid, and allows the bolus to be remasticated. Ruminant animals spend about a third of their day eating and a third of their day ruminating. -- Answer โœ”โœ” true Regurgitation -- Answer โœ”โœ” using reverse peristalsis to return food to the mouth Remastication -- Answer โœ”โœ” Rechewing the food bolus in the mouth Reinsalvation -- Answer โœ”โœ” Adding more saliva to the food bolus Redeglutition -- Answer โœ”โœ” Re-swallowing the food bolus and liquids True or False: A ruminant can survive indefinitely without a functional rumen as long as it is not fed roughages. -- Answer โœ”โœ” false Bacterial microbes are introduced to the rumen in all of the following ways except -- Answer โœ”โœ” present at birth In your own words, summarize the information provided about how diet affects rumen development through the first 12 weeks of life. Also, explain the implications for feeding young ruminant animals and how early diet might affect future animal performance. -- Answer โœ”โœ” New born ruminants have to be transitioned from one stage to another because of their rumen development. By slowly weaning and adding in more grain and forage, it allows the rumen to develop the bacteria, microbes, papillae and volume. The exposure to solid feed and other animals allows the newborn to strengthen and develop the rumen. If the young ruminant is not fed solid feed before 6-8 months, there will be a chance of sudden death of the animals due to lack of rumen fermentation. Intestinal sucrase is an enzyme that digests carbohydrates in ruminant animals -- Answer โœ”โœ” false