Download AFS 190 Full Quiz Set: Biology and Biotechnology and more Exams Astronomy in PDF only on Docsity!
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A genome is: - ✔✔All the DNA in an organism, including its genes DNA stands for: - ✔✔Deoxyribonucleic Acid The first draft of the human genome was first published in the Journal Nature. Knowing all the genes in humans may have profound affects on which areas in the future? - ✔✔The areas in all of the answers above have already been affected There is currently a wide gap between the knowledge of the general public about DNA, recent advances in biology and biotechnology, as well as the actual applications in the real world most likely because: - ✔✔The advances have been so rapid, often controversial and this material is not required in most schools Science is: - ✔✔Both a body of knowledge and an intellectual activity encompassing observation, description, experimentation, and explanation of natural phenomena All of the following are elements of biological literacy except: - ✔✔Reading the most important books in biology The World Population: - ✔✔Is now at seven billion people and growing exponentially Biotechnology is: - ✔✔The use of biological organisms by humans to produce something useful Biotechnology is controversial because: - ✔✔It has both positive and negative potentials and education about it has been lacking The first draft of the Human Genome was first published in: - ✔✔ 2001
Marine Biotechnology: - ✔✔The use of marine organisms by humans to produce something useful Animal cloning: - ✔✔And genetic engineering, has been accomplished for several different species Pharmacogenomics: - ✔✔The study of how variations in the DNA sequence of the human genome affect the response to medications and disease predispositions Forensic applications of biotechnology: - ✔✔All of these are correct Observation of and wonder at the workings of nature are what initiate "why" and "how" type questions. Science is a system of: - ✔✔Hypothesis making and testing to discern and validate observable facts generating evidence based knowledge A chemical unit consisting of negatively charged electrons orbiting a positively charged nucleus is: - ✔✔an atom Which of the following statements best describes the logic of the scientific method? - ✔✔If my hypothesis is correct, I can expect certain test results Which of the following best distinguishes hypotheses from theories in science? - ✔✔Hypotheses usually are narrow in scope; theories have much broader explanatory power Some people say that Evolution is " 'just' a theory". Used in this way, modified by the word just indicates that these people may be confusing with the word theory with what other word(s): - ✔✔idea Superstitions are: - ✔✔Irrational beliefs that actions not logically related to a course of events influence its outcome
Which of the following foods is not a significant source of complex carbohydrates? - ✔✔Fresh fruit The order that best represents size from the smallest to the largest biological entities is: - ✔✔All answers are correct The major contributions to the discovery of the DNA double helix structure over fifty years ago, although not all were recognized by the Nobel prize Committee were made by: - ✔✔Watson, Crick, Wilkins, and Franklin Which of the following nucleotide bases are present in equal amounts in DNA? - ✔✔Adenine and thymine All of the following are features of RNA except: - ✔✔A coiled double-stranded structure An example of chain molecules would be? - ✔✔Proteins Prokaryotic cells: - ✔✔Lack a membrane bound nucleus like most bacteria The endosymbiont hypothesis: - ✔✔Explains the origins of chloroplasts and mitochondria Eukaryotic cells: - ✔✔Contain various membrane bound compartments, such as chloroplasts, mitochondria and nuclei However, 'life' creates with mistakes. Every so often cellular mechanisms make errors during the copy process. A mutation: - ✔✔Is a random change in DNA sequence What feature seems to be shared by all living organisms on this planet? - ✔✔They all contain information that is stored in chain molecules DNA replication results in the same copy of DNA in each cell and: - ✔✔occurs before every cell divides
Which of the following is not a characteristic of all living organisms? - ✔✔relies only on non-organic material Which in the following list includes all others in the list? - ✔✔Carbohydrate A polar molecule: - ✔✔Is slightly negative at one end and slightly positive at the other end Proteins are an essential component of a healthy diet for humans (and other animals). Their most common purpose is to serve as: - ✔✔Raw material for growth When asked by a reporter what they had discovered, Francis Crick famously replied: - ✔✔The Secret of Life The Flow of Information of life on earth usually occurs from: - ✔✔DNA to RNA to Protein A Pipetman is: - ✔✔A molecular biology tool used in the lab to measure small volumes of liquid common in biotechnology An ultracentrifuge consists of a rotor that spins tubes containing materials and is: - ✔✔A tool used by cell biologists for separating and comparing cell components based on size and density Cloning a gene: - ✔✔Is a method used to copy a specific segment of DNA The atomic number of carbon is 6. Its nucleus must contain: - ✔✔6 protons and no electrons A covalent bond is formed when: - ✔✔Two atoms share electrons Enzymes are usually: - ✔✔proteins
Rachel Carson is famous as the author of 'Silent Spring' (1962) which discussed the broad effects of the insecticide DDT on the 'web of life'. The ecology of a coral reef is another good example that: - ✔✔Life is interconnected and interdependent Complex biological structures like the horn of a ram, a chambered nautilus shell or a growing plant tendril seem complex but are actually the result of: - ✔✔emergent patterns that result in complex structures when simple units follow simple rules Emergent patterns and self assembly are wide spread phenomena in biology. Through the application of a few very simple rules: - ✔✔complex structures can be developed To exist, life requires organization and organization requires energy, which means that life's molecules breakdown over time. Literally you are not the 'same' person you were seven years ago, or even seven days ago. Life maintains itself by the process of: - ✔✔turnover Biological life tends to: - ✔✔Optimize rather than maximize, where function is selected for by the environment All Life on this planet has the ability to replicate information with variation. The flow of information in biological life is generally from: - ✔✔The transfer of information from DNA to RNA to proteins Life competes within a cooperative framework where: - ✔✔all answers shown are generally correct All energy for biological life on earth:Is derived from sunlight - ✔✔Is derived from sunlight Critics of evolution state that that it is not possible since it disobeys the second law of thermodynamics. The tendency of energy to dissipate as described by the second law of thermodynamics is called: - ✔✔Entropy: where order tends to become disordered A cellular structure, which contains most of a cell's DNA in animals, fungi or plants: - ✔✔Nucleus
The energy flow through life on earth starts with: - ✔✔Sunlight and producers, like plants If you were to look into a light microscope and view an unknown cell, what might you see that would tell you whether the cell is prokaryotic or eukaryotic? - ✔✔A nucleus If you wanted to film the movement of chromosomes during cell division, the best choice for optical equipment would be: - ✔✔a light microscope, because you can view living cells Which of the following are inputs to photosynthesis? - ✔✔CO Of the following which one is common to both photosynthesis and cellular respiration? - ✔✔storing energy by creating H+ gradient Of the following techniques, which would be most unlikely to be used in a biotechnology laboratory? - ✔✔use of the Hubble telescope Many of the molecular reactions used in biotechnology occur in volumes less than a milliliter. A Pipetman is: - ✔✔(C) a molecular biology tool used in the lab to measure small volumes of liquid Gel Electrophoresis is used for: - ✔✔the separation of molecules, DNA, RNA and proteins by charge and size Every time a cell divides it copies all of its DNA. A method used commonly in many applications of biotechnology today is called PCR. PCR: - ✔✔uses a heat stable DNA polymerase to copy DNA Basic Forensic principles include: - ✔✔all of the above Given DNA samples from three suspects, the victims DNA and DNA evidence from a crime scene the possible conclusions are: - ✔✔E any of the above
Life is an information processing system capable of replication with variation. The flow of information in biological life on earth: - ✔✔Typically occurs from DNA to RNA to protein Atoms share electrons to form bonds making molecules. Energy flows from one chemical bond to another. Breaking covalent bonds in molecules results in: - ✔✔The release or transfer of energy A covalent bond: - ✔✔Is a molecule is made when electrons are shared between atoms A rice plant has nearly twice as many genes as a human. Genes are the sequences in DNA that code for proteins. In cells, proteins can function as: - ✔✔Any of the answers are correct Mitochondria: - ✔✔Are derived from bacteria and are the central location of respiration in eukaryotic cells The energy flow through life on this planet occurs from: - ✔✔Sunlight to chloroplasts to sugars to mitochondria to ATP The expression of a gene is said to be 'turned on' when certain signals interact with the promoter of a gene and RNA is produced. Transcription is: - ✔✔The transfer of information from DNA to RNA Translation of that code occurs in the cytoplasm and is: - ✔✔The transfer of information from RNA to proteins The tendency of energy to dissipate as described by the second law of thermodynamics is called: - ✔✔Entropy: where order tends to become disordered Consider a face: it is comprised of a community of cells. Its basic features change very little over a year, yet in that time most of the original cells and all the molecules will be replaced. The 'fabric' changes but not the pattern. This is explained by the process of: - ✔✔Turnover of cells and constant skin cell renewal
Every time one of your cells divides it makes a (nearly) exact copy of all of your DNA. This has happened many times over while you have been reading these questions. A person's unique DNA is carried in: - ✔✔All of the above contain a person's DNA To start the transcription process, a large molecule, ______, recognizes a ______. - ✔✔RNA polymerase; promoter site The technologies useful for the analysis of biological compounds were essential to the development of biotechnology and its applications. A 'Southern blot' is used for: - ✔✔Detection of specific DNA sequences What is pharmacogenomics? - ✔✔Name given to the study of genetic variation that results in disease susceptibilities and the differences in response to medications between people Intelligent Design: - ✔✔Is not currently a well-established, evidence- based alternative to theories of evolution by natural selection These types of analyses have shown that humans are 98% similar in DNA sequence to the chimpanzee; 88% similar to mice and about 33% similar to the genes of a rice plant. This type of analysis is called: - ✔✔Comparative genomics The flow of information is one characteristic of life. The flow of biological information in life is studied using various techniques in biotechnology. A 'Northern blot' is used for: - ✔✔Detection of specific RNA sequences The code in DNA that we call a 'gene' is the code for a protein. Each specific gene therefore as a specific code for a specific protein. Different proteins can be distinguished from each other by: - ✔✔Their amino acid sequence Proteins are molecules made from sequences of a number of: - ✔✔Twenty amino acids This ability is called "totipotency" and like the more recent examples of animal cloning, demonstrates: - ✔✔That all of the DNA that codes for an entire organism is in every cell of that organism
Jean-Baptist Lamarck thought for giraffes that by stretching their necks for leaves higher in trees this characteristic would be passed on to the offspring of those giraffes. Lamarck, therefore: - ✔✔Proposed that the inheritance of characteristics is acquired as a result of the enviornement or purpose Specialized proteins embedded in cell membranes which receive and transmit chemical messages are referred to as: - ✔✔receptors Using a brilliant experimental design involving virus resistance in bacteria he was able to clearly demonstrate what phenomenon? - ✔✔evolution Throughout the evolution of plants energy from sunlight is first used to make ATP. The energy stored in ATP is then used to make what compound? - ✔✔sugar A protein that binds to a site on DNA next to a gene and blocks the transcription of that gene, thus preventing the synthesis of a protein that the gene encodes is known as a: - ✔✔repressor What are regulatory processes in which there are signals indicating "too much" or "too little" which result in a correction to the processes? - ✔✔feedback loop The average time to death from starvation in a fruit fly is about 20 hours. Selecting for increased starvation resistance in fruit flies: - ✔✔Can produce populations in which the average time to death from starvation is 160 hours Which of the following statements about mutations is NOT true? - ✔✔All of these statements are true These pathways often occur with feedback mechanism that regulate when too much or too little of a compound is present. Biological feedback loops occur: - ✔✔In throughout various levels in biological systems, including ecology Therefore in evolution a change in a single code for a single amino acid may have an effect on individual survival. Proteins carry out many functions in a cell such as: - ✔✔Any of the answers are correct
evolution occurs - ✔✔Only via natural selection, genetic drift, migration or mutation evolutionary adaptation - ✔✔Refers both to the process by which populations become better matched to their environment and to the features of an organism that make it more fit than other individuals Life might well be considered as an information processing system, and then in many ways, has analogies in the cyber world. The flow of information in biological life on earth: - ✔✔Typically occurs from DNA to RNA to protein Darwin's theory of evolution and natural selection disproved which of the following: - ✔✔Organisms are fixed since the origin of life on earth - there have been no new additional species and no losses The historical evolutionary relationship between a group of related organisms is known as its: - ✔✔phylogeny Which of the choices below are considered to be the driving force for evolution and the generation of new species? - ✔✔Variation in DNA sequences Given biological life, there will be change. The subject of evolution is controversial because: - ✔✔all of these answers apply Critics of evolution state that that it is not possible since it disobeys the second law of thermodynamics. The tendency of energy to dissipate as described by the second law of thermodynamics is called: - ✔✔entropy: where order tends to become disordered The process of biological change therefore, can not be purposive. This indicates that: - ✔✔Individuals do not exercise 'will' over the changes passed on to their offspring Variation in a population can be selected for by various pressures including: - ✔✔all of these answers are correct
Genomes have now been sequenced, Genes have been cloned and moved from one species to another. Stem cells can develop into sperm cells. The development of Biotechnology: - ✔✔Provides substantial molecular evidence the Theory of Evolution what is conventional breeding of plants - ✔✔The development of new plant varieties by the process of genetics and selection. There is a broad misunderstanding about genetically modified crops, which correlates with a poor understanding of biology in general. "Ordinary Tomatoes Do Not Contain Genes, while Genetically Modified Ones Do" - ✔✔this statement is false, all tomatoes contain genes whether they are genetically modified or not It is now possible to make gene constructs in the laboratory by fusing together DNA segments from different sources. For example, genes that encode proteins from a bacteria can be moved into plants to make them resistant to pests without using pesticides. This process of plant improvement has been - ✔✔applied widely and successfully in US agriculture for over twenty years. It has been said that 'Biotechnology is not a threat...starvation is.' Vitamin A deficiencies are responsible for a million lives a year globally and many of those are in developing countries where the main staple is rice. Dr. Ingo Potykus of Switzerland genetically modified rice to accumulate high levels of beta carotene, the natural precursor for vitamin A. Some have argued that it would be unethical to deny this population of such a useful tool to alleviate suffering. This variety is known as: - ✔✔Golden rice How is engineered DNA put into plants? Gene constructs (or 'transgenes') can be readily made in the laboratory by fusing together DNA segments from different sources. If done correctly, these cloned constructs can be delivered into plants where they will be stably integrated into the plant's DNA and expressed to confer new and useful traits. Gene constructs can be introduced into plants by - ✔✔A. micro-projectile bombardment(also known as the 'gene gun' or biolistics) delivers DNA by coating small particles of gold with the vector and shooting them into plant cells. B. osmotic or electric shock treatments C. Agrobacterium tumefaciens: a bacteria that acts as a natural gene transfer vector to deliver DNA into plats D. Microinjection: by using a small needle to inject DNA directly into plant cells. E. all of the examples have been shown to work********
Life took about 3.2- 3.7 billion years to reach its present level of complexity. To maintain it, life must always come from life, replicating its DNA and passing that information, however changed, from generation to generation. Selective breeding has resulted in nearly all our crop plants and these plants will 'breed true' consistently to their variety. This inevitable conclusion comes from our modern understanding of the key role played by - ✔✔the heritable information living organisms store within their DNA Where did dogs come from? The wolf is now widely accepted as the most likely ancestor of all domestic dogs. There are over four hundred described breeds of dogs today, which can be all genetically traced back to a wild wolf species that lived between 15,000 and 40,000 years ago, well before the first agricultural human societies. This fact shows - ✔✔The impact of breeding and selection using conventional genetics. Climate change will have major effects on world agriculture and food security. Most scientists in the Nobel Prize winning International Panel of Climate Change (IPCC) who work in studying the climate agree from numerous studies that the trends in climate change show that: - ✔✔Climate change is caused by humans. Plants that have been genetically modified for crop improvement, including several widely produced crops in the US, such as corn, soybean, sugarbeets, canola, and cotton. These crops have been widely adopted by farmers to reduce input costs and pesticides. The products from these plants - ✔✔have been included in many food products for years now without substantiated affect on human health This crop is derived from a grass in Central America called Teosinte. - ✔✔COrn How was genetics discovered? In the 1860s Gregor Mendel discovered "factors" that determined inheritance of traits in plants (notice how many great discoveries appear first from work on plants) By 1906, Thomas Hunt Morgan showed that 'genes' are the "factors" that Mendel had discovered, and that genes are located on chromosomes. Then in 1944 Oswald Avery showed that genes are made of DNA! (We have come a long way). We now have sequenced the genomes of - ✔✔A. mice, rats, and dogs and fruitflies B. puffer fish and zebra fish C. humans, chimpanzees, and mountain gorillas D. rice, corn, wheat, and many other crop plants. E. all of these examples, and more*******
There is a lot of controversy surrounding the topic of 'Genetically Modified Organisms and Food.' What are some issues and concerns that cause consumers to protest? - ✔✔A. Right of choice and labeling B. Environmental concerns- Is it good for our farms? C. Regulatory issue control (EPA, USDA, FDA, WHO) D. All of the answers are issues and concerns about Genetically Modified Organisms********* E. Uncertainty about safety and distrust of big companies The ability to transfer genetic material from one organism into plants for crop improvement is a well- established science. Genetic engineering of crop plants is controversial because - ✔✔cloned DNA is used to create them and people are uncertain about the process The sequence of DNA that is called a gene codes for a protein using DNA's four letter code. Three bases will code for one of twenty amino acids. When a gene is expressed, messenger RNA is transcribed from the DNA template and translated into a protein in the cytoplasm. If a single base in the sequence is missing, this mutation could - ✔✔change the sequence of amino acids in the protein and have a catastrophic effect on the organism, be benign, or at times, be beneficial U.S Hybrid Corn.... - ✔✔Is the product of conventional plant breeding involvng the use of controlled crosses and in some plants, like corn, by developing inbred parental lines Which of the following processes has NOT been applied to crop plants development during the history of agriculture? - ✔✔Direct application of the theory of special relativity and particle physics to induce plant variation Which trait is considered to be MOST important to most plant breeders - ✔✔Yield Genetic code is a universal language for life on this planet - ✔✔This statement is generally true The process of taking one gene from one species and expressing it in the genome of another is called - ✔✔Transgenics
Agricultural Biotechnology - ✔✔includes domestication, varietal selection, genetics, wide crosses, mutagenesis, and gene transfer for the overall goal to help produce new varieties of crop plants that are useful for people GMO is - ✔✔A designation for Genetically modified organism indicated the use of transgenics Gentically engineered crops are no grown.. - ✔✔In large scale agricultural production in many countries across the world GMOs have been shown to cause long term negative health problems in humans. - ✔✔False A genetic construct used for crop improvement is - ✔✔Like a cut and paste document: it is a synthetic sequence of DNA that will be transcribed into RNA and will be translated into a particular protien that corresponds to the sequence of the gene what features of DNA fragment causes it to move through a gel during electrophoresis - ✔✔The molecuar weight(SIZE) of the fragmented electrical charges of its phosphate groups After a gel electrophoresis is run, the pattern of bars in the gel shows: - ✔✔The presence of various-sized fragments of DNA GMO plants offer solutions to agricultural problems.. - ✔✔based on biological solutions Organic foods are known to be better for you since: - ✔✔They have been shown to have quantitatively higher levels of vitamins compared with their conventional counterparts Which groups would you be most likely to obtain seeds from? - ✔✔Monsanto You have access to a genetically modified seed stock for 1000 hectares of maize that is 30% more productive than your existing stock. One problem is that you might not be able to sell your seed to market because.. - ✔✔Your country exports to euroupe which has a ban on GM crops and ingredients
