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ADRE 8370 - Advanced Multicultural Ethics and
Leadership in Counseling Exam Correct and
Well Answered Questions 2025-2026 Updates
A+ Graded-East Carolina University
cultural humility openness with working with culturally diverse clients
- "being" rather than "doing" tripartite framework holistic approach to understanding person's identity demands we recognize all three levels (individual, group, universal) and group is often overlooked universal level "all individuals are like other individuals" ex. homo sapiens, common life events, biological/physical abilities, language individual level "all individuals are like no other individuals" = no two individuals are the same
ex. genetic endowment, unique experiences, even identical twins - same gene but diff experiences group level "all individuals are like some individuals"
- perceived group membership exerts powerful influence on how society views ppl and how ppl view themselves
- groups created through cultural matrix dependent on beliefs, values, rules, social practices that are relatively stable but can be fluid ex. race, gender, SES, age, ethnicity, disability/ability, sexual orientation, marital status Multicultural Counseling and Therapy (MCT) A helping role and a process that uses modalities and defines goals consistent with the life experiences and cultural values of diverse clients, uses tripartite model, uses both culture specific and universal, balances individualism and collectivism oppression olympics minority groups compete against each other on who is more oppressed due to belief there is limited resources distracting from making systemic change against the majority group African American vs Asian American
- situation of power reversal = not congruent with historical and social context
- challenging credibility of counselor of color, sometimes unconsciously
- counselor feels need to prove competency, overcompensation
- countertransference = counselor of color transfers ill feelings to white client
- white client prefer counselor of color - > notion that counselor of color overcame superhuman condition to become counselor + perceived expert of racial relations +superior minority counselor which discredits client's progress
- discuss racial differences, broach topic with openness and self disclosure Counselors of Color with Clients of Color
- over identification with client, need to work hard to separate out own experience from those of clients
- cultural difference in indirect communication styles ex. latinx, asian, native american don't use direct eye contact
- client of color may see counselor as part of the system and symbol of political oppression, racial animosity
- dependent on degree of assimilation/acculturation
- clashed in cultural values Tuskegee Experiment 1932 - 1972, US public health service did an experiment with 600 Alabama black men where they left syphilis untreated resulting in 7 deaths
leads to skepticism in health care system
Larry P. vs. California 1986 judged ruled in favor of the Association of Black Psychologists' claim that individual intelligence tests such as versions of WISC, WAIS, and Stanford Binet could not be used in the public schools of Black students Definitions of Mental Health
- Normality as a statistical concept--those that occur most frequently in the population, do not take into account community standards and cultural values
- Normality as ideal mental health--grounded in the belief of universal application, goals like competence, autonomy, and resistance to stress are White middle class values
- Abnormality as the presence of certain behaviors--biases occur with respect to diagnosis and treatment those in power determine normality/abnormality Genetically Deficient Model G. Stanley Hall, first president of APA in 1892, theorized that minority groups (Africans, Indians, Chinese) were adolescent races that are incomplete in development = Scientific Racism Culturally Deficient Model Riesman coined term of cultural deprivation where many groups perform poorly due to lack of many advantages of middle class culture but did not address cultural values (skewed understanding)
- values and beliefs operate outside of conscious control
- assuming universality Surviving System Oppression African American Psychology playing it cool = concealing true feelings to prevent offending/threatening majority group uncle tom syndrome = appearing happy go lucky or docile Credibility E (expertness) + T (trustworthiness) = credibility expertness (ability variable) = depends on how well informed, capable, or intelligent, others perceive the communicator to be trustworthiness (motivation variable) = degree to which people perceive the communicator as motivated to make valid of invalid assertions ex. self-disclosure Locus of Control impact sense of powerlessness Locus of Responsibility degree of responsibility or blame placed on an individual or system
IC-IR
internal control - internal responsibility = independent view, control of own fate
- view of white upper/middle class IC-ER internal control - external responsibility = social justice, more common in minority group recently EC-IR external control - internal responsibility = self-hatred, "marginal man" existing between cultures denying racism in system EC-ER external control - external responsibility = helplessness but not giving up, laying low
- for therapy, helps to allow client to experience some success Microaggressions
Dynamics, Dilemmas, Therapeutic Implications of Microaggressions Dilemma 1: Clash of Sociodemographic Realities Dilemma 2: The Invisibility of Unintentional Expressions of Bias Dilemma 3: The Perceived Minimal Harm of Microaggressions Dilemme 4: Catch 22 of Responding to Microaggressions - > responding will have detrimental effect on victim
- clients of color prematurely terminate counseling at 50% rate after first contact Individualism vs. Collectivism the worth of an individual versus the worth of a group Emotional Expressiveness seen as something beneficial for psychotherapy but many cultures value restraint of those strong feelings Insight other cultures may not value insight or self exploration but does not mean they are not capable of it Self-Disclosure
cultural = admission of self problem reflects not only self but the family societal = general distrust towards White people that disallows client to disclose, agent of society Scientific Empiricism therapy based on scientific method rather than a holistic approach that other cultures may value cognitive Resistance parallel to denial, unwillingness to accept alternate scenarioes emotional resistance blocking ability to acknowledge, understand, and making meaning out of strong and powerful feelings i.e. helpless, minimizing issues/avoidance behavioral resistance don't know where to begin, paralysis of action due to fear, nothing can fix situation cultural-universal/universality (ETIC)
- western concepts of normality and abnormality with with minimal modification between different cultures
Class Bound Values/Impact of Poverty social class and classism is often overlooked even though income inequality is increasing, impact of poverty:
- high incidence of depression
- lower sense of control
- poorer physical health
- exclusion from mainstream society Multicultural Evidence Based Practice (EBP) multiculturalism without strong research risks becoming empty political value and EBT without cultural sensitivity risks irrelevancy 3 Pillars of EBP Decisions
- best available research
- patient characteristics, culture, and preferences
- clinical expertise Empirically Supported Treatments (EST) specific treatments confirmed as effective for specific disorders and conducted using manuals
owe it to clients to provide treatment that has proven efficacy Limitations of EST
- validity for minority is questionable because mostly based on white middle class population
- mostly randomized controlled trial vs qualitative research designs
- no emphasis on therapist-client relationship Therapeutic Alliance
- emotional and interpersonal bond
- mutual agreement on appropriate goals (goal consensus)
- intervention strategies or tasks that are viewed as important and relevant by both the client and therapist
- cognitive empathy (understanding predicament) + emotional empathy (emotional connection), positive regard, respect, warmth, genuineness, self-disclosure
- management of countertransference = involved therapist's emotional reaction to client based on therapist's own set of attitudes Empirically Supported Relationship (ESR) therapeutic alliance may be factor to underutilization of mental health services
- regardless of treatment, having close relationship will benefit client
- relationship acts in concert with discrete interventions, client characteristics, and clinician qualities in determining effectiveness
- holistic look, interconnectedness, harmony = collectivism, unity of physical and mental functioning, spirit mind and matter
- belief in metaphysical levels of existence = reaching new levels of enlightenment will lead to healing
- acceptance of spirituality in life and the cosmos = important of spirituality as an intimate aspect of human condition Clinical Implications of Indigenous Healing
- do not invalidate
- become knowledgeable
- avoid overpathologizing
- avoid underpathologizing
- consult traditional healers
- recognize spirituality
- become comfortable dealing with spiritual needs
- expand definition of the helping role to community work and involvement Proxemics interpersonal space and distance ex. in US: intimate = 1.5 ft, personal 1.5-4ft, social 4-12ft, public 12+ ft ex. determine furniture arragement Latinx, South, Middle Eastern Americans tend to have closer personal space than European Americans
Kinesics bodily movements/language, culturally conditioned ex. facial expression, posture, characteristics of movement, gestures, eye contact
- eye contact listed as important but may not be Paralanguage vocal cues that accompany spoken language ex. loudness, pauses, silences, hesitations, rate of speech, inflections
- importance of silence High/Low Context The degree to which individuals within a culture rely on contextual cues to convey and interpret meaning hc = anchored in physical context or internalized in person ex. Asian, Middle Eastern, African Americans lc = anchored in verbal message, straightforward ex. US slightly but Swiss, Germans, Scandinavians more Racial Awakening
Conformity unequivocal preference for dominant culture over own, self-hatred or internalized racism
- victims of ethnocentric monoculturalism
- belief in superiority of dominant culture Dissonance conflict between disparate pieces of information or experiences that challenge current self-concept, no matter how hard to deny own culture some things are inconsistent with own beliefs Resistance and Immersion the stage in which the person becomes more immersed within his or her own cultural group, rejecting the dominant culture with extreme feelings of anger, guilt
- occur due to recognizing one's own role as a victim and why should people feel this way Introspection level of anger towards White society is psychologically draining and does not permit one to really devote energy to understanding own culture's view of unequivocal appreciating for own culture and hate for White society Integrative Awareness
individuals have developed an inner sense of security and now can own and appreciate unique aspects of their culture as well as those in dominant culture.
- belief that there are acceptable and unacceptable aspects in all cultures and that it is important for person to examine and accept/reject those aspects of culture that are not desirable ELIMINATE ALL FORMS OF OPPRESSION Counseling Implications of R/CID Model
- understanding of REC identity will help with understanding role of oppression on client
- differentiate members of same REC group with respect to their identity
- nature of identity is always changing White Privelege advantages that are systematically conferred on White Americans but not on POC a. having power to define reality b. possessing unconscious stereotypes that POC are less capable and competent c. deceiving self that one is not prejudiced d. being oblivious e. color blindness The Hardiman White Racial Identity Developmental Model
