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Acquired Diseases;Acquired Diseases, Exams of Nursing

An overview of various cardiovascular diseases and syndromes, their symptoms, diagnosis, and differential diagnosis. It also discusses the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease and the principle symptoms of heart disease. The document further explains the types of acquired diseases, including cardiac syncope, sudden cardiac death, aortic stenosis, mitral stenosis, and infective endocarditis.

Typology: Exams

2021/2022

Available from 11/08/2022

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Acquired Diseases
Atherosclerosis - hardening of the arteries
Scintigraphy - A diagnostic test in which a two-dimensional picture of a body radiation source is
obtained through the use of radioisotopes
Syndrome X - ...
Coronary artery disease (CAD) - Which Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the U.S.
CAD - −Atherosclerotic narrowing of one or more of the coronary blood vessels with fatty deposits called
atheromas
−Resulting in diminished flow of blood to the myocardium
-High LDL levels
-Advanced lesion - Pathogenesis of Coronary Artery Disease
Atherosclerosis: - -Strong hereditary history
-Cigarette smoking
-Lack of exercise
-Excessive saturated fat intake
-High cholesterol intake
-Male gender
-Diabetes mellitus
-Tortuous vessels
-Obesity
-Lipid metabolism defect
•Angina pectoris
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Acquired Diseases

Atherosclerosis - hardening of the arteries Scintigraphy - A diagnostic test in which a two-dimensional picture of a body radiation source is obtained through the use of radioisotopes Syndrome X - ... Coronary artery disease (CAD) - Which Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the U.S. CAD - −Atherosclerotic narrowing of one or more of the coronary blood vessels with fatty deposits called atheromas −Resulting in diminished flow of blood to the myocardium -High LDL levels -Advanced lesion - Pathogenesis of Coronary Artery Disease Atherosclerosis: - -Strong hereditary history -Cigarette smoking -Lack of exercise -Excessive saturated fat intake -High cholesterol intake -Male gender -Diabetes mellitus -Tortuous vessels -Obesity -Lipid metabolism defect •Angina pectoris

•Classic Stable Angina •Variant Angina •Post Infarction Angina •Patient reaction to angina •Diagnosis •Relief of Angina - Angina Principle Symptoms of Heart Disease - •Dyspnea •Chest pain or discomfort •Cyanosis •Syncope •Palpitation •Edema •Cough •Hemoptysis •Fatigue •Nocturia •Anorexia •Nausea and vomiting •Fever Class I Patients - -No resulting limitations of physical activity. Class II Patients - -Slight limitations of physical activity. -Comfortable at rest. Class III - -Marked limitations of physical activity Class IV - -Inability to carry on any physical activity without discomfort.

-Heavy meals -Emotional distress - Symptoms of chronic Angina may be provoked by which 3 factors Pain associated with Chronic stable Angina - -May radiate along the ulnar aspect of the left arm, throat, jaw, interscapular region, and epigastrium. -Often accompanied by shortness of breath, nausea, and diaphoresis. -Typically pain lasts about 5 minutes Other chest pains simiiliar to Angina - Chest pain similar to acute unstable angina or acute but acute MI pain is usually unremitting. •Other causes of chest pain: -Aortic stenosis -Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy -Microvascular dysfunction -Pericarditis -Aortic dissection -Pulmonary embolism -Pleuritis -Acid reflux -Esophageal spasm -Peptic ulcer disease -Biliary disease -Pancreatitis -Gastroesophageal reflux disease -Cervical disk disease -Costochondral syndromes -Shingles -Panic disorder

Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS) - •Acute or subacute imbalance between the oxygen demand and supply of the myocardium. Three principal presentations of ACS: - -Angina that begins with a patient at rest. -New onset of severe angina (associated with minimal exertion). -A distinct change in frequency, duration or threshold. Differential diagnosis of ACS: - -Musculoskeletal disorders -Gastrointestinal causes -Intrathoracic processes -Neuropsychiatric syndromes Acute Myocardial Infarction - -May simulate the pain of acute pericarditis, peptic ulcer disease or stress gastritis -Deep, dull steady pain Dilated Cardiomyopathy - •Characterized by enlargement of one or both ventricles accompanied by systolic and diastolic contractile dysfunction Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy - •Unexplained myocardial hypertrophy Restrictive Cardiomyopathy - -Characterized by variable degrees of diastolic dysfunction out of proportion to systolic dysfunction -Often confused with constrictive pericarditis Myocarditis - -Inflammation of the myocardium, may include involvement of the myocytes, the interstitium, and /or the vasculature. -Myocarditis is typically a diagnosis of exclusion after other causes of clinical presentation have been excluded.

Mitral Valve Prolapse - -Superior and posterior displacement of one or both leaflets into the left atrium during systole. -Classified as primary, secondary, or functional -Results in a ―click‖ murmur Aortic Insufficiency - •Defective functioning of the aortic valve with incomplete closure resulting in aortic regurgitation •Results in a loud diastolic murmur •Eventually leads to LV dilation Tricuspid Stenosis - •Pathological narrowing of the tricuspid valve. •Usually congenital, and very rare in adults Tricuspid Regurgitation - •Backflow of blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium due to insufficiency of the tricuspid valve. •Results in a diastolic murmur. Pulmonic Stenosis - -Right ventricular obstruction. May be: •Subvalvular •Valvular •Supravalvular Pulmonic Insufficiency - •Backflow of blood from the pulmonary artery into the right ventricle due to insufficiency of the pulmonic semilunar valve. Infective Endocarditis - •Infection of the endocardial surface of the heart and implies a physical presence of microorganisms in the lesion. •Usually involves the valves •Caused by Staph infection, IV drug use, or other infective process

Acute Pericarditis - •Inflammation of the pericardium Chronic Recurrent Pericarditis - -Recurrent or chronic symptoms develop in approximately one quarter of patients. -Most patients are treated with reinstitution of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents or steroids Constrictive Pericarditis - •Characterized by dense, fibrous thickening of the pericardium that adheres to and encases the myocardium, resulting in impaired diastolic ventricular filling. Pericardial Effusion - -Malignancy -Postoperative causes -Cardiac perforation during a percutaneous procedure Systemic Hypertension - -Disorder of BP regulation that results from: •Increase in cardiac output •Increase in total peripheral vascular resistance -Results in left ventricular hypertrophy -Generally characterized by systolic blood pressure greater than 120 mm/hg