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AC-HPAT Prep| 188 Actual Questions and Answers
100% Correct| Latest Update 2025
Most of the cell membrane's specific functions are controlled by: ✔✔Proteins Alcoholic Fermentation is a form of: ✔✔Anaerobic Respiration Phagocytosis is a form of: ✔✔Endocytosis What is a pyruvate? ✔✔Pyruvate is an important chemical compound in biochemistry. It is the output of the metabolism of glucose known as glycolysis. One molecule of glucose breaks down into two molecules of pyruvate, which are then used to provide further energy, in one of two ways. What are the small spherical bodies within a cell where proteins are assembled according to genetic instructions? ✔✔Ribosomes What is the structural and functional unit of life? ✔✔The cell What is a prokaryotic cell? ✔✔A cell that lacks a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles What is a eukaryotic cell? ✔✔A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles What is cellular respiration? ✔✔A catabolic pathway for the production of ATP, in which sometimes oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with an organic fuel. At times, the process proceeds without oxygen, but this is less efficient. What is anaerobic respiration? ✔✔A form of cellular respiration that does not involve oxygen.
What is aerobic respiration? ✔✔Form of cellular respiration which requires oxygen to generate energy. Name the four types of transport that allow small molecules to move across the cell membrane: ✔✔Diffusion, Osmosis, Active Transport, and Passive Transport. Prokaryotes often reproduce by: ✔✔Binary Fission What is binary fission? ✔✔A form of asexual reproduction in which the parent divides into two identical halves. What is cytokinesis? ✔✔The division of cytoplasm into two identical daughter cells, which occurs during the telophase stage of mitosis. What is a haploid cell? ✔✔A cell that contains one set of chromosomes What is a diploid cell? ✔✔A cell that contains two sets of chromosomes What is chromatin? ✔✔The substance of which eukaryotic chromosomes are composed, consisting of mostly proteins, DNA, and RNA. What is a centriole? ✔✔a cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division. What is a chromosome? ✔✔A structure carrying genes is a linear sequence, found in the nucleus, consisting of DNA and protein. What is DNA? ✔✔A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins. It makes up the genetic material of most living organisms and plays a role in determining heredity.
When a red snapdragon is crossed with a white one, all the F1 hybrids have pink flowers. This is an example of: ✔✔Incomplete dominance Traits that are alternatives to the wild type (for example, white eyes in a fruit fly as opposed to the usual red) are called: ✔✔Mutant phenotypes Lethal recessive mutations are perpetuated by the reproduction of carriers with normal: ✔✔Phenotypes What is the function of the circulatory system? ✔✔To distrubute blood and associated chemicals through the body. What is the function of the respiratory system? ✔✔To take in oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide. What is the function of the digestive system? ✔✔To break down food for energy, reabsorb water and nutrients, and eliminate waste. What is a virus? ✔✔A virus is a parasite that can only produce within a living host cell. What are the two cycles of viral reproduction? ✔✔The Lytic Cycle and Lysogenic Cycle. What is the lytic cycle? ✔✔The reprodyuctive cycle of viruses that end in the death of the host. What is the lysogenic cycle? ✔✔The reproductive cycle of a virus, which coexists with the host rather than killing it. What are the three categories of symbiotic relationships? ✔✔Mutualism, Commensalism, and Parasitism
Destruction of bacteria by a lytic agent is called: ✔✔A bacteriophagia. What is photosynthesis? ✔✔The process by which light energy, captured by the chloroplasts of plants, is converted to chemical energy. What is the ploem? ✔✔A vascular tissue that transports sugars from leaves throughout the rest of the plant. What is the xylem? ✔✔A vascular tissue that transports water and dissolved mineral nutrients from the roots to other parts of the plant. What is a gymnosperm? ✔✔A plant that produces unprotected seeds. What is an angiosperm? ✔✔A type of flowering plant. The sticky tip of the carpel of a flower, which receives the pollen, is called the: ✔✔Stigma The major sites of photosynthesis in most plants are the: ✔✔Leaves Name the 6 kingdoms of living entities. ✔✔1. Archaebacteria
- Eubacteria
- Protista
- Fungi
- Plantae
- Animalia. The majority of primary producers in an ecosystem are: ✔✔Autotrophs
Aortic Valve ✔✔ 13 How many chambers does the human heart have? ✔✔Four Which blood vessel provides oxygenated blood? ✔✔The aorta. Which type of vessel contains valves? ✔✔Veins What is the function of a valve in a vein? ✔✔To prevent reverse bloodflow Which vessels supply the heart with blood? ✔✔The coronary arteries Which type of cell carries oxygen around the body? ✔✔Red blood cells. What is the function of white blood cells? ✔✔To act as part of the immune system Which type of vessel needs to withstand high blood pressure? ✔✔An artery. What does the pulse represent? ✔✔The heartbeat. A blood clot in the brain can cause which event? ✔✔A stroke. Why is blood clotting essential? ✔✔To reduce blood loss. Which vessel carries deoxygenated blood from the heart? ✔✔The pulmonary artery. Where does the right ventricle pump blood to? ✔✔The lungs
What is it called when plaque builds up in the arteries? ✔✔Artheriosclerosis. What is plasma? ✔✔The liquid component of blood. What does the pulmonary vein supply the heart with? ✔✔Oxigenated blood from the lungs. Which component of blood is crucial to clotting? ✔✔The platelets. What shape are red blood cells? ✔✔Biconcave disks. What heart chamber does the vena cava empty into? ✔✔The right atrium. The plasma membrane provides the outer boundary of: ✔✔The cell. The cell membrane is made (mostly) from a double layer of: ✔✔Phospholipids. Which organelle digests other, worn-out organelles, as well as food particles and engulfed viruses and bacteria? ✔✔Lysosomes. Where are the cell's chromosomes stored? ✔✔The nucleus. Which organelle is particularly important for the synthesis, folding, modification, and transport of proteins within the cell? ✔✔The endoplasmic reticulum. Which of the following has ribosomes attached to its surface? ✔✔The rough endoplasmic reticulum.
Processing and packaging macromolecules, such as proteins and lipids, is the primary function of which of the following organelles? ✔✔The Golgi apparatus. Which of the following is involved in the production and folding of proteins? ✔✔The endoplasmic reticulum. Ribosomes link amino acids together to form polypeptide chains according to instructions from ✔✔The mRNA. The energy generated by the mitochondria is carried to where it's required within the cell by molecules of: ✔✔ATP Which type of organelle is used within the cell to ingest extracellular fluid and and molecules? ✔✔Pinocytosis Vesicles. Saliva contains the enzyme amylase, which breaks down which compound? ✔✔Starch. The gallbladder releases which substance? ✔✔Bile At what pH range is gastric acid maintained? ✔✔ 1 - 3 What is the name of the muscular process for moving food down the oesophagus? ✔✔Peristalsis. Where does the absorption of water occur? ✔✔In the large intestine. Proteins are degraded by which enzyme? ✔✔Pepsin Where in the gastrointestinal tract does pancreatic juice drain into? ✔✔The small intestine.
Lipase degrades which group of compounds? ✔✔Fats. Where does protein degradation take place? ✔✔In the stomach. What is the oesophagus made of? ✔✔Smooth cartilidge. What gas is a waste product of respiration? ✔✔Carbon dioxide. How is waste carbon dioxide expelled from the body? ✔✔Through expiration. Which substance is another by-product of cellular respiration? ✔✔Water. What is the correct branching order into the lungs? ✔✔Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles. What is the main purpose of respiration? ✔✔To sustain life. What are cilia? ✔✔Hair-like projections on cell surfaces. What are alveoli? ✔✔Air sacs in the lungs. What substance builds up in muscle during anaerobic exercise? ✔✔Lactic acid. Which of these is a substrate for cellular respiration? ✔✔Glucose. What is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere? ✔✔Nitrogen. Which gas is crucial to all the body's cells? ✔✔Oxygen.
What is an electron? ✔✔A negatively charged subatomic particle. What is a proton? ✔✔a stable subatomic particle occurring in all atomic nuclei, with a positive electric charge equal in magnitude to that of an electron, but of opposite sign. The number of protons in an atom indicates: ✔✔The atomic number. What is the mass number? ✔✔The sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of the atom. What is the atomic number? ✔✔The number of protons int the atom, specific for each element. What is an isotope? ✔✔Atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons. They have identical chemical properties, but different physical properties. What is the atomic mass? ✔✔The weighted average of an isotope's masses. What is the mass number of an atom with 60 protons, 60 electrons, and 75 neutrons? ✔✔ 135 What is the atomic number of an atom with 17 protons, 17 electrons, and 20 neutrons? ✔✔ 17 An atom with an atomic number of 58 and an atomic mass of 118 has how many neutrons? ✔✔ 60 The mass of an atom is almost entirely contributed by its: ✔✔Nucleus If an atom consists of 9 protons and 10 neutrons, it's number of electrons is: ✔✔ 9
What is a valance shell? ✔✔The last energy level in which loosely held electrons are contained. These are the electrons that engage into bonding and are therefore characteristic of the elements. What is an energy level? ✔✔The volume of space where certain electrons of specific energy are restricted to move around the nucleus. What is an anion? ✔✔A negatively charged ion. It is the result of a gained electron. Most anions are non-mettalic. What is a cation? ✔✔A positively charged ion. It is the result of a lossed electron. Most cations are metallic. What is an ionic compound? ✔✔A compound formed by combining an anion and a cation. What is an ionic bond? ✔✔The attractive electrostatic forces between a cation and an anion. What is a covalent bond? ✔✔A type of bond formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons to acheive an octet of electrons. What is electronegativity? ✔✔The ability of an atom in a bond to attract the electron density more than the other atom(s) in the bond. What is a dipole? ✔✔The result of a covalent bond between two atoms of different electronegativities. What is a hydrogen bond? ✔✔A weak bonf that forms between dipoles of consecutive polar molecules or polar groups of macromolecules, such as proteins and DNA. The bond between oxygen and hydrogen atoms in a water molecule is: ✔✔A polar covalent bond.
What is an alkyne? ✔✔An unsaturated carbon that contains at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. What is an aromatic hydrocarbon? ✔✔A compound with a structure based on benzene: a ring of six carbon atoms. What is an isomer? ✔✔A compound with the same molecular formula as another compound, but a different molecular structure. What is an alcohol? ✔✔An organic compound characterized by the presence of a hydroxyl functional group; - OH. True or False: Avogadro's number acts as the conversion factor for converting between the number of moles in a sample and the number of molecules in the sample. ✔✔True. Since 12 - C's molar mass is 12 grams, 48 grams of 12 - C atoms would be equal to moles. ✔✔4. The International Committee for Weights and Measures (ICWM) defines one mole as the number of atoms in exactly: ✔✔12g of Carbon-12. Molar mass is a numerical value that represents. ✔✔The mass of a substance divided by the amount of that substance. True or False: An element's molar mass and atomic weight are always equal. ✔✔False. One mole of boron is equivalent to how many grams? ✔✔10.81 g. The mass of one mole of water is: ✔✔18.02 g.
The amount of a substance equal in grams to the sum of the atomic masses is a(n): ✔✔Mole. The mass in grams of one mole of oxygen gas is: ✔✔ 32 g. 3.42 moles of CaO is equivalent to: ✔✔192 g CaO.
