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Abnormal Psychology - Chapters 1-4,
Exam 1.
ABAB Design - Correct Answer An experimental design, often involving a single subject, wherein a baseline period (A) is followed by a treatment (B). To confirm that the treatment resulted in a change in behavior, the treatment is then withdrawn (A) and reinstated (B). Abnormal Psychology - Correct Answer Field of psychology concerned with the study, assessment, treatment, and prevention of abnormal behavior. Acute - Correct Answer Term used to describe a disorder of sudden onset, usually with intense symptoms (short in duration). Analogue Studies - Correct Answer Studies in which a researcher attempts to emulate the conditions hypothesized as leading to abnormality. Bias - Correct Answer Observer bias occurs when the researcher has preconceived ideas and expectations that influence the observations he or she makes in the research study. Case Study Method - Correct Answer An in-depth examination of an individual or family that draws from a number of data sources, including interviews and psychological testing. Chronic - Correct Answer Term used to describe a long-standing or frequently recurring disorder, often with progressing seriousness (long in duration). Comorbidity - Correct Answer Occurrence of two or more identified disorders in the same psychologically disordered individual. Comparison or Control Group - Correct Answer Group of subjects who do not exhibit the disorder being studied but who are comparable in all other respects to the criterion group. Also, a comparison group of subjects who do not receive a condition or treatment the effects of which are being studied. Correlation - Correct Answer The tendency of two variables to change together. With positive correlation, as one variable goes up, so does the other; with negative correlation, one variable goes up as the other goes down.
Correlational Method/Correlational Research - Correct Answer A research strategy that examines whether and how variables go together (covary) without manipulating (changing) any variables. Correlation Coefficient - Correct Answer A statistic that ranges from +1.0 to -1.0 and reflects the degree of association between two variables. The magnitude of the correlation indicates the strength of the association, and the sign indicates whether the correlation is positive or negative. Criterion Group - Correct Answer Group of subjects who exhibit the disorder under study. Dependent Variable - Correct Answer In an experiment, the factor that is observed to change with changes in the manipulated (independent) variables. Direct Observation - Correct Answer Method of collecting research data that involves directly observing behavior in a given situation. Direction of Effect Problem - Correct Answer Refers to the fact that, in correlational research, it cannot be concluded whether variable A causes variable B or whether variable B causes variable A. Double-Blind Study - Correct Answer Often used in studies examining drug treatment effects, a condition where neither the subject nor the experimenter has knowledge about what specific experimental condition (or drug) the subject is receiving. Effect Size - Correct Answer A statistical term referring to the strength of the relationship between two variables in a statistical population. Epidemiology - Correct Answer Study of the distribution of diseases, disorders, or health-related behaviors in a given population. Mental health epidemiology is the study of the distribution of mental disorders. Etiology - Correct Answer Factors that are related to the development (or cause) of a particular disease. Experimental Research - Correct Answer Research that involves the manipulation of a given factor or variable with everything else held constant. External Validity - Correct Answer The extent to which the findings from a single study are relevant to other populations, contexts, or times. Family Aggregation - Correct Answer The clustering of certain traits, behaviors, or disorders within a given family. Family aggregation may arise because of genetic or environmental similarities.
Point Prevalence - Correct Answer The number of cases of a specific condition or disorder that can be found in a population at one given point in time. Positive Correlation - Correct Answer A relationship between two variables such that a high score on one variable is associated with a high score on another variable. Prevalence - Correct Answer In a population, the proportion of active cases of a disorder that can be identified at a given point in time or during a given period. Prospective Research - Correct Answer Method that often focuses on individuals who have a higher-than-average likelihood of becoming psychologically disordered before abnormal behavior is observed. Random Assignment - Correct Answer A procedure used to create equivalent groups in which every research participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any group in the study. Retrospective Research - Correct Answer Research approach that attempts to retrace earlier events in the life of a subject. Sampling - Correct Answer The process of selecting a representative subgroup from a defined population of interest. Self-Report Data - Correct Answer Data collected directly from participants, typically by means of interviews or questionnaires. Single-Case Research Design - Correct Answer An experimental research design (e.g., an ABAB design) that involves only one subject. Statistical Significance - Correct Answer A measure of the probability that a research finding could have occurred by chance alone. Stereotyping - Correct Answer The tendency to jump to conclusions (often negative) about what a person is like based on the beliefs about that group that exist (often incorrectly) in the culture (e.g., French people are rude, homosexuals have good taste in clothes, mental patients are dangerous, etc.). Stigma - Correct Answer Negative labeling. Third Variable Problem - Correct Answer Refers to the problem of making causal inferences in correlational research, where the correlation between two variables could be due to their shared correlation with an unmeasured third variable. Asylums - Correct Answer Historically, these were institutions meant solely for the care of the mentally ill.
Behavioral Perspective - Correct Answer A theoretical viewpoint organized around the theme that learning is central in determining human behavior. Behaviorism - Correct Answer School of psychology that formerly restricted itself primarily to the study of overt behavior. Catharsis - Correct Answer Discharge of emotional tension associated with something, such as by talking about past traumas. Classical Conditioning - Correct Answer A basic form of learning in which a neutral stimulus is paired repeatedly with an unconditioned stimulus (US) that naturally elicits an unconditioned response (UR). After repeated pairings, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) that elicits a conditioned response (CR). Deinstitutionalization - Correct Answer Movement to close mental hospitals and treat people with severe mental disorder in the community. Dream Analysis - Correct Answer Method involving the recording, description, and interpretation of a patient's dreams. Exorcism - Correct Answer Religiously inspired treatment procedure designed to drive out evil spirits or forces from a "possessed" person. Free Association - Correct Answer Method for probing the unconscious by having patients talk freely about themselves, their feelings, and their motives. Insanity - Correct Answer Legal term for mental disorder, implying lack of responsibility for one's acts and inability to manage one's affairs. Lycanthropy - Correct Answer Delusion of being a wolf. Mass Madness - Correct Answer Historically, widespread occurrence of group behavior disorders that were apparently cases of hysteria; a whole group of people panic/get scared and develop psychological symptoms as a result. Mental Hygiene Movement - Correct Answer Movement that advocated a method of treatment focused almost exclusively on the physical well-being of hospitalized mental patients. Mesmerism - Correct Answer Theory of "animal magnetism" (hypnosis) formulated by Anton Mesmer. Moral Management - Correct Answer Wide-ranging method of treatment that focuses on a patient's social, individual, and occupational needs.
Developmental Psychopathology - Correct Answer Field of psychology that focuses on determining what is abnormal at any point in the developmental process by comparing and contrasting it with normal and expected changes that occur. Developmental Systems Approach - Correct Answer Acknowledgment that genetic activity influences neural activity, which in turn influences behavior, which in turn influences the environment, and that these influences are bidirectional. Diathesis - Correct Answer Predisposition or vulnerability to developing a given disorder. Diathesis-Stress Model - Correct Answer View of abnormal behavior as the result of stress operating on an individual who has a biological, psychosocial, or sociocultural predisposition to developing a specific disorder. Discrimination - Correct Answer Ability to interpret and respond differently to two or more similar stimuli. Ego - Correct Answer In psychoanalytic theory, the rational part of the personality that mediates between the demands of the id, the constraints of the superego, and the realities of the external world. Ego Psychology - Correct Answer Psychodynamic theory emphasizing the importance of the ego-- the "executive branch of the personality" --in organizing normal personality development. Ego-Defense Mechanisms - Correct Answer Psychic mechanisms that discharge or soothe anxiety rather than coping directly with an anxiety-provoking situation; usually unconscious and reality distorting. Also called defense mechanisms. Electra Complex - Correct Answer Excessive emotional attachment (love) of a daughter for her father; the female counterpart of the Oedipus complex. Extinction - Correct Answer Gradual disappearance of a conditioned response when it is no longer reinforced. Generalization - Correct Answer Tendency of a response that has been conditioned to one stimulus to be elicited by other, similar stimuli. Hikikomori - Correct Answer A disorder of acute social withdrawal in which young people just remain in their room in their parents' house and refuse social interactions for at least 6 months, but often for many years. Hormones - Correct Answer Chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands that regulate development of and activity in various parts of the body.
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis (HPA Axis) - Correct Answer Brain endocrine system involved in responding to stress in which the hypothalamus and pituitary send messages to the adrenal gland which releases a stress hormone that feeds back on the hypothalamus. Id - Correct Answer In psychoanalytic theory, the reservoir of instinctual drives and the first structure to appear in infancy. Instrumental (Operant) Conditioning - Correct Answer Reinforcement of a subject for making a correct response that leads either to receipt of something rewarding or to escape from something unpleasant. Interpersonal Perspective - Correct Answer Approach to understanding abnormal behavior that views much of psychopathology as rooted in the unfortunate tendencies we develop while dealing with our interpersonal environments; it thus focuses on our relationships, past and present, with other people. Intrapsychic Conflict - Correct Answer Inner mental struggles resulting from the interplay of the id, ego, and superego when the three subsystems are striving for different goals. Learning - Correct Answer Modification of behavior as a consequence of experience. Libido - Correct Answer In psychoanalytic theory, a term used to describe the instinctual drives of the id; the basic constructive energy of life, primarily sexual in nature. Linkage Analysis - Correct Answer Genetic research strategy in which occurrence of a disorder in an extended family is compared with that of a genetic marker for a physical characteristic or biological process that is known to be located on a particular chromosome. Necessary Cause - Correct Answer A condition that must exist for a disorder to occur. Neurotransmitters - Correct Answer Chemical substances that are released into a synapse by the presynaptic neuron and that transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another. Object-Relations Theory - Correct Answer In psychoanalytic theory, this viewpoint focuses on an infant or young child's interactions with "objects" (i.e., real or imagined people), as well as how they make symbolic representations of important people in their lives. Observational Learning - Correct Answer Learning through observation alone without directly experiencing an unconditioned stimulus (for classical conditioning) or a reinforcement (for instrumental conditioning).
Sufficient Cause - Correct Answer A condition that guarantees the occurrence of a disorder. Superego - Correct Answer Conscience; ethical or moral dimensions (attitudes) of personality. Synapse - Correct Answer Site of communication from the axon of one neuron to the dendrites or cell body of another neuron-- a tiny filled space between neurons. Temperament - Correct Answer Pattern of emotional and arousal responses and characteristic ways of self-regulation that are considered to be primarily hereditary or constitutional. Zar - Correct Answer A person who believes he or she is possessed by a spirit may experience a dissociative episode during which shouting, laughing, singing, or weeping may occur. The person may also show apathy and withdrawal, not eating or working. Actuarial Procedures - Correct Answer Methods whereby data about subjects are analyzed by objective procedures or formulas rather than by human judgments. Aphasia - Correct Answer Loss or impairment of ability to communicate and understand language symbols-- involving loss of power of expression by speech, writing, or signs, or loss of ability to comprehend written or spoken language-- resulting from brain injury or disease. Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) - Correct Answer Objective method of rating clinical symptoms that provides scores on 18 variable (e.g., somatic concern, anxiety, withdrawal, hostility, and bizarre thinking). Clinical Diagnosis - Correct Answer The process through which a clinician arrives at a general "summary classification" of the patient's symptoms by following a clearly defined system such as DSM-IV-TR or ICD-10. Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT) Scan - Correct Answer Radiological technique used to locate and assess the extent of organic damage to the brain without surgery. Cultural Competence - Correct Answer Refers to a psychologist's need to be informed of the issues involved in multicultural assessment. Dysrhythmia - Correct Answer Abnormal brain wave pattern. Electroencephalogram (EEG) - Correct Answer Graphical record of the brain's electrical activity obtained by placing electrodes on the scalp and measuring the brain wave impulses from various brain areas. Forensic - Correct Answer Pertaining or used in the court of law.
Functional MRI (fMRI) - Correct Answer Internal scanning technique that measures changes in local oxygenation (blood flow) to specific areas of brain tissue that in turn depend on neuronal activity in those specific regions, allowing the mapping of psychological activity such as sensations, images, and thoughts. Intelligence Test - Correct Answer Test used in establishing a subject's level of intellectual capability. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) - Correct Answer Internal scanning technique involving measurement of variations in magnetic fields that allows visualization of the anatomical features of internal organs, including the central nervous and particularly the brain. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI/MMPI-2) - Correct Answer Widely used and empirically validated personality scales. Neuropsychological Assessment - Correct Answer Use of psychological tests that measure a person's cognitive, perceptual, and motor performance to obtain clues to the extent and locus of brain damage. Objective Personality Tests - Correct Answer Structured tests, such as questionnaires, self-inventories, or rating scales, used in psychological assessment. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan - Correct Answer Scanning technique that measures metabolic processes to appraise how well an organ is functioning. Presenting Problem - Correct Answer Major symptoms and behavior the client is experiencing. Projective Personality Tests - Correct Answer Techniques that use various ambiguous stimuli that a subject is encouraged to interpret and from which the subject's personality characteristics can analyzed. Psychological Assessment - Correct Answer The use of psychological procedures such as behavioral observations, interview, and psychological tests to obtain a picture of a client's mental health symptoms and personality. Rating Scales - Correct Answer Formal structure for organizing information obtained from clinical observation and self-reports to encourage reliability and objectivity. Reliability - Correct Answer Degree to which a measuring device produces the same result each time it is used to measure the same thing or when two or more different raters use it.
maladaptiveness, statistical deviancy, violation of the standards of society, social discomfort, irrationality and unpredictability, and dangerousness. Abnormal - Correct Answer Away from the normal. Karo-Kari - Correct Answer A form of honor killing where a woman is murdered by a male relative because she is considered to have brought disgrace onto her family. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) - Correct Answer Provides all the information necessary (descriptions, lists of symptoms) to diagnose mental disorders. Abnormal Behavior - Correct Answer Maladaptive behavior detrimental to an individual or a group. What is a mental disorder defined as in the DSM-5? - Correct Answer Within DSM-5, a mental disorder is defined as a syndrome (collection of symptoms) that is present in an individual and that involves clinically significant disturbance in behavior, emotion regulation, or cognitive functioning. Standard Treatment Comparison Study - Correct Answer An alternative research design may be called for in which two (or more) treatments are compared in differing yet comparable groups. Depression (Melancholia) - Correct Answer Emotional state characterized by extraordinary sadness and dejection. Distal Causal Factors - Correct Answer Some causal factors occurring relatively early in life may not show their effects for many years. Proximal Causal Factors - Correct Answer Other causal factors operate shortly before the occurrence of the symptoms of a disorder. Reinforcing Contributory Cause - Correct Answer A condition that tends to maintain maladaptive behavior that is already occurring. Biological Causal Factors - Correct Answer Neurotransmitter and hormonal abnormalities, genetic vulnerabilities, temperament, and brain dysfunction and neural plasticity. Neural Plasticity - Correct Answer Flexibility in the brain in making changes in organization and function in response to pre- and postnatal experiences, stress, diet, disease, drugs, maturation, and so forth (ability to compensate using unused neurons).
Mediate - Correct Answer A mediator (or mediating variables) lies between two other variables and helps explain the relationship between them. You can think of it as being an intermediate variable, hence the name. Psychosocial Perspectives - Correct Answer Attempts to understand humans not just as biological organisms but also as people with motives, desires, and perceptions. What are the three major psychosocial perspectives on human nature and behavior? - Correct Answer The three major psychosocial perspectives on human nature and behavior are:
- Psychodynamic
- Behavioral
- Cognitive-Behavioral What other two perspectives are also included in psychosocial perspectives? - Correct Answer Also includes two other perspectives:
- The Humanistic Perspective
- The Existential Perspective Anxiety - Correct Answer Generalized feelings of fear and apprehension. Oral Stage (Psychosexual Stages of Development) - Correct Answer During the first 2 years of life, the mouth is the principal erogenous zone: An infant's greatest source of gratification is sucking, a process that is necessary for feeding. Anal Stage (Psychosexual Stages of Development) - Correct Answer From ages 2 to 3, the anus provides the major source of pleasurable stimulation during the time when toilet training is often going on and there are urges both for retention and for elimination. Phallic Stage (Psychosexual Stages of Development) - Correct Answer From ages 3 to 5 or 6, self-manipulation of the genitals provides the major source of pleasurable sensation. Latency Stage (Psychosexual Stages of Development) - Correct Answer From ages 6 to 12, sexual motivations recede in importance as a child becomes preoccupied with developing skills and other activities. Genital Stage (Psychosexual Stages of Development) - Correct Answer After puberty, the deepest feelings of pleasure come from sexual relations. Displacement (Ego-Defense Mechanisms) - Correct Answer Discharging pent-up feelings, often of hostility, on objects less dangerous than those arousing the feelings. Fixation (Ego-Defense Mechanisms) - Correct Answer Attaching oneself in an unreasonable or exaggerated way to some person, or arresting emotional development on a childhood or adolescent level.
Authoritative Style - Correct Answer Parents are high on warmth and moderate on control, very careful to set clear limits and restrictions regarding certain kinds of behaviors. Authoritarian Style - Correct Answer Parents are low on warmth and high on control and often cold and demanding. Permissive/Indulgent Style - Correct Answer Parents are high on warmth and low on control and discipline. Neglectful/Uninvolved Style - Correct Answer Parents are low on warmth and low on control. Sociocultural Causal Factors - Correct Answer -Low socioeconomic status and unemployment -Prejudice and discrimination in race, gender, and ethnicity -Social change and uncertainty -Urban stressors: Violence and homelessness Halstead Category Test - Correct Answer Measures a subject's ability to learn and remember material and can provide clues as to his or her judgment and impulsivity. The subject is presented with a stimulus (on a screen) that suggests a number between 1 and 4. The subject presses a button indicating the number she or her believes was suggested. A correct choice is followed by the sound of a pleasant doorbell, an incorrect choice by a loud buzzer. The person is required to determine from the pattern of buzzers and bells what the underlying principle of the correct choice is. Tactual Performance Test - Correct Answer Measures a subject's motor speed, response to the unfamiliar, and ability to learn and use tactile and kinesthetic cues. The test surface is a board that has spaces for 10 blocks of varied shapes. The subject is blindfolded (never actually seeing the board) and asked to place the blocks into the correct grooves in the board. Later, the subject is asked to draw the blocks and the board from tactile memory. Rhythm Test - Correct Answer Measures attention and sustained concentration through an auditory perception task. It includes 30 pairs of rhythmic beats that are presented on a tape recorder. The subject is asked whether the pairs are the same or different. Speech Sounds Perception Test - Correct Answer Determines whether an individual can identify spoken words. Nonsense words are presented on a tape recorder, and the subject is asked to identify the presented word in a list of four printed words. This task measures the subject's concentration, attention, and comprehension. Finger Oscillation Task - Correct Answer Measures the speed at which an individual can depress a lever with the index finger. Several trials are given for each hand.
Vocabulary (Verbal) Subtest - Correct Answer This subtest consists of a list of words to define that are presented orally to the individual. This task is designed to evaluate knowledge and of vocabulary, which has been shown to be highly related to general intelligence. Digit Span (Performance) Subtest - Correct Answer In this test of short-term memory, a sequence of numbers is administered orally. The individual is asked to repeat the digits in the order administered. Another task in this subtest involves the individual's remembering the numbers, holding them in memory, and reversing the order sequence--that is, the individual is instructed to say them backward. What does the categorical approach assume? - Correct Answer The categorical approach, like the diagnostic system of general medical diseases, assumes:
- That all human behavior is can be divided into the categories of "healthy" and "disordered"
- That within the latter there exist discrete, nonoverlapping classes or types of disorder that have a high degree of within-class homogeneity in both symptoms displayed and the underlying organization of the disorder identified. The Dimensional Approach - Correct Answer It is assumed that a person's typical behavior is the product of differing strengths or intensities of behavior along several definable dimensions such as mood, emotional stability, aggressiveness, gender identity, anxiousness, interpersonal trust, clarity of thinking and communication, social introversion, and so on. The Prototypal Approach - Correct Answer A prototype (as the term is used here) is a conceptual entity (e.g., personality disorder) depicting an idealized combination of characteristics that more or less regularly occur together in a less-than-perfect or standard way at the level of actual observation. Criteria - Correct Answer Needs to be considered in light of frequency and intensity; behavior against the norm; frequency of the behavior; intensity; is the behavior clinically significant? Social Discomfort - Correct Answer The behavior of one person makes people in the norm feel uncomfortable. Maladaptation - Correct Answer Interfering with you life; making it harder. Low Frequency - Correct Answer High intensity. High Frequency - Correct Answer Low intensity. Definition of Abnormal Behavior - Correct Answer Defined as a syndrome (collection of symptoms) that is present in an individual that involves clinically significant disturbance in behavior, emotion regulation, or cognitive functioning.
Eclectic - Correct Answer Try to use all the theories. What is the advantage of theories? - Correct Answer Theories are useful, because it helps us focus and narrow down the info in a meaningful way (advantage). What is the disadvantage of theories? - Correct Answer You might miss out on things from being so focused on one thing (disadvantage). Biological Theory - Correct Answer Abnormal behavior is caused by faulty biology (anatomy and physiology) explains abnormal behavior; chemical problems (physiology); faulty genetics; faulty brain structures (anatomy). Psychodynamic Theory - Correct Answer Abnormal behavior is caused by the result of unresolved unconscious conflict; affects our present behavior through repressed memories, unconscious, and childhood. Cognitive Theory - Correct Answer Abnormal behavior is caused by the result of misperceiving reality (faulty of perception and thinking); thinking of what happened is different; how we think ultimately affects how we feel which ultimately affects how we behave. Learning/Behavioral Theory - Correct Answer Abnormal behavior is cause by what we do is what we do in order to get the reinforcement (faulty reinforcement) and good feeling; anything that gives you something positive; faulty reinforcement (reinforced for the wrong behavior). Humanistic Theory - Correct Answer Abnormal behavior is caused by the result of low self-esteem and "wrong choices" (self-destructive; things that will destroy good nature) via (as a result of the) freewill; disbelief in inherent worth and value; insufficient/low self- esteem. Socio-Cultural Theory - Correct Answer Abnormal behavior is caused by environmental and cultural stressors. Chicken and Egg Problem - Correct Answer Are the brain abnormalities wired in or experienced by an event that changes the behavior? Gestalt - Correct Answer Overall picture of the whole situation. Freudian Slip - Correct Answer Saying something unintentionally that you weren't aware you were thinking (e.g., "You look ghastly!...I mean gorgeous. Why did I say that?"). In what order do nerves, tracks, neurons, and the nervous system go? - Correct Answer Neurons -> Nerves -> Tracks -> Nervous System
Central Nervous System - Correct Answer Right down the center of the body (middle); higher level of thinking; sensory, processing, and motor neurons; brain only has the processing neurons. Afferent (Sensory) Neurons - Correct Answer Input neurons (in); sensory organs: skin, eyes, ears, nose, and mouth. Inter (Processing) Neurons - Correct Answer Processing neurons; not sensory; brain only has the processing neurons. Efferent (Motor) Neurons - Correct Answer Output neurons (out); response. Peripheral Nervous System - Correct Answer Everything around (surrounding) the central (middle); has the sympathetic and parasympathetic. What is the fatty tissue on an axon called? - Correct Answer The fatty tissue on an axon is called the myelinated (myelin) sheath. What does not travel through the neuron? - Correct Answer Neurotransmitters (chemicals) do not travel through the neuron. What travels through the neuron? - Correct Answer Electrical impulses travel through the neuron. What are electrical impulses formed by? - Correct Answer Electrical impulses are formed by positive and negative ions. Cell Body - Correct Answer Where the metabolism happens; maintenance of the cell. What do fatty acids allow impulses to do? - Correct Answer Fatty acids allow impulses to go through the neuron faster by jumping from node to node. What are fatty acids? - Correct Answer Fatty acids are insulin, so it keeps the impulse insulated and going in the right direction. What are on the dendrites? - Correct Answer On the dendrites, there are receptor sites with different shapes waiting for a piece (shape) to fit it. What are on terminal branches? - Correct Answer On terminal branches, there are terminal buttons (different shapes) which are neurotransmitters (chemicals). What happens when an electrical impulse comes through a neuron? - Correct Answer When an electrical impulse comes through a neuron, the neurotransmitters are released; "the neuron has fired"; all or nothing (either all chemicals are released or none are).
