Chapter 4 Study Guide
These are the same important terms and ideas that are summarized at the end of the
chapter. Additional information that I've added to these will be in italicized text. I
have also added additional important terms and ideas at the end of the alphabetical
list. As you study, pay particular attention to 1. the definitions for which the
titles appear in BOLD print, 2. the italicized information I've added, and 3. the
additional terms I've added at the bottom of the list. These are the most
important ideas and the ones most likely to appear on the exams.
ABAB Designs - Single-case designs that observe systematic changes in the
participant's behavior as the treatment and no-treatment conditions alternate. The
initial baseline period is followed by a treatment period, a treatment reversal period,
and a second treatment period. An ABA design would lack the reinstatement of
treatment (the second B phase). The research question would be answered but it
would be quite unethical to leave the subject in the “no treatment” condition if the
treatment works.
Analog Study - A study conducted in the laboratory under conditions that are
purportedly analogous to real life. To study depression we might try to induce
depression in animals or in “non-patient “ humans (how about college students?).
The weakness of analog studies is their low “external validity.” Does depression in all
adults function the same as it does with college students ?
Between-Group Designs - Designs in which two or more separate groups of
participants each receive a different kind of treatment. They are often easier to
design and conduct than within group designs.
Case Study Method - A research method consisting of the intensive description or
study of one person (usually a client or patient who is in treatment). The case of
"Anna O" was a famous case study reported by Freud and Breuer.
Confidentiality - In research on human subjects, the principle of protecting individual
participants' data from public scrutiny.
Confound - A situation in which extraneous variables are not controlled or cannot be
shown to exist equally in one's experimental and control groups. When there is a
