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A&P I and II final exam Exam | Questions And
Correct Answers (Verified Answers) Plus Rationales
2025 Q&A | Instant Download
- Which of the following is the basic functional unit of the nervous system? a) Muscle fiber b) Neuron c) Osteocyte d) Epithelial cell b) Neuron Neurons are the basic units of the nervous system responsible for transmitting nerve impulses.
- The molecule that stores genetic information in cells is: a) RNA b) ATP c) DNA d) Protein c) DNA DNA contains the hereditary information essential for cell function and reproduction.
- Which layer of the skin contains melanocytes? a) Stratum corneum b) Stratum basale c) Dermis d) Hypodermis b) Stratum basale Melanocytes reside in the stratum basale, producing melanin pigment.
- The primary function of red blood cells is to: a) Fight infection b) Carry oxygen c) Clot blood d) Produce antibodies b) Carry oxygen Red blood cells contain hemoglobin that binds and transports oxygen to tissues.
- The term for the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane is: a) Diffusion b) Active transport c) Osmosis d) Filtration c) Osmosis Osmosis is the passive movement of water molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a region of low solute concentration to high solute concentration.
- Which organ produces bile? a) Pancreas b) Liver c) Gallbladder d) Stomach b) Liver The liver produces bile, which is stored in the gallbladder and aids in fat digestion. 10.The functional unit of the kidney is called the: a) Nephron b) Glomerulus c) Loop of Henle d) Collecting duct a) Nephron The nephron is the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering blood and forming urine. 11.What type of joint is the knee? a) Hinge joint b) Ball and socket joint c) Pivot joint d) Saddle joint a) Hinge joint The knee primarily functions as a hinge joint, allowing flexion and extension.
12.The structure that connects muscle to bone is called: a) Ligament b) Tendon c) Cartilage d) Fascia b) Tendon Tendons attach muscles to bones, transmitting force for movement. 13.Which cranial nerve controls the muscles of facial expression? a) Trigeminal (V) b) Facial (VII) c) Vagus (X) d) Accessory (XI) b) Facial (VII) The facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) innervates muscles involved in facial expression. 14.Which part of the brain controls balance and coordination? a) Cerebrum b) Medulla oblongata c) Cerebellum d) Thalamus c) Cerebellum The cerebellum regulates balance, posture, and fine motor coordination. 15.The main function of white blood cells is to: a) Transport oxygen
c) A- d) O- d) O- Type O-negative blood lacks A, B, and Rh antigens, making it safe to donate to any blood type. 19.The primary function of platelets is: a) Fighting infection b) Oxygen transport c) Blood clotting d) Hormone production c) Blood clotting Platelets aggregate to form clots and prevent bleeding. 20.The site of gas exchange in the lungs is the: a) Bronchi b) Alveoli c) Trachea d) Pleura b) Alveoli Alveoli are tiny air sacs where oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange occurs. 21.Which connective tissue connects bone to bone? a) Tendon b) Ligament c) Cartilage
d) Fascia b) Ligament Ligaments connect bones to other bones to stabilize joints. 22.The phase of the cardiac cycle when the ventricles contract is called: a) Diastole b) Systole c) Repolarization d) Depolarization b) Systole Systole is the contraction phase of the heart, pumping blood out of the ventricles. 23.Which of the following is NOT part of the respiratory system? a) Bronchi b) Pharynx c) Esophagus d) Alveoli c) Esophagus The esophagus is part of the digestive system, not the respiratory system. 24.The fluid-filled space between the two layers of the pleura is called the: a) Pericardial cavity b) Peritoneal cavity c) Pleural cavity d) Synovial cavity c) Pleural cavity
Keratin is a fibrous protein providing strength and protection to epithelial cells. 28.The basic contractile unit of skeletal muscle is called the: a) Myofibril b) Sarcomere c) Fascicle d) Myosin b) Sarcomere Sarcomeres are the repeating units within myofibrils responsible for muscle contraction. 29.Which gland regulates the body's circadian rhythm by secreting melatonin? a) Thyroid b) Pineal c) Pituitary d) Adrenal b) Pineal The pineal gland secretes melatonin, regulating sleep-wake cycles. 30.The largest artery in the body is the: a) Carotid artery b) Pulmonary artery c) Aorta d) Femoral artery c) Aorta
The aorta is the main artery that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body. 31.What is the main function of the lymphatic system? a) Circulate oxygen b) Remove waste products c) Return excess fluid to the bloodstream and defend against pathogens d) Produce red blood cells c) Return excess fluid to the bloodstream and defend against pathogens The lymphatic system maintains fluid balance and contributes to immune defense. 32.The type of epithelial tissue found lining the alveoli is: a) Simple squamous b) Stratified squamous c) Simple cuboidal d) Transitional a) Simple squamous Simple squamous epithelium is thin to facilitate gas exchange in alveoli. 33.The functional classification of a neuron that carries impulses from the CNS to muscles is: a) Sensory neuron b) Interneuron c) Motor neuron d) Association neuron c) Motor neuron
b) Osteoclast Osteoclasts break down bone tissue, important for bone remodeling. 37.Which ion is primarily responsible for generating the resting membrane potential in neurons? a) Calcium (Ca2+) b) Sodium (Na+) c) Potassium (K+) d) Chloride (Cl-) c) Potassium (K+) Potassium ions have the greatest influence on the resting membrane potential due to their high permeability. 38.The process by which white blood cells engulf and digest pathogens is called: a) Phagocytosis b) Pinocytosis c) Exocytosis d) Diffusion a) Phagocytosis Phagocytosis is the engulfment and destruction of foreign particles by immune cells. 39.The heart chamber that receives oxygenated blood from the lungs is the: a) Right atrium b) Left atrium c) Right ventricle
d) Left ventricle b) Left atrium The left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the pulmonary veins. 40.The primary muscle used in quiet inspiration is the: a) Intercostal muscles b) Diaphragm c) Abdominal muscles d) Sternocleidomastoid b) Diaphragm The diaphragm contracts to increase thoracic volume during normal breathing. 41.Which part of the neuron receives incoming signals? a) Axon b) Dendrite c) Soma d) Synapse b) Dendrite Dendrites receive incoming stimuli and transmit them toward the cell body. 42.Which blood vessels carry blood away from the heart? a) Veins b) Capillaries c) Arteries d) Venules
The spleen filters blood, recycles red blood cells, and mounts immune responses. 46.The process of blood cell formation is called: a) Hemostasis b) Hemolysis c) Hematopoiesis d) Hemoglobin synthesis c) Hematopoiesis Hematopoiesis is the production of blood cells in the bone marrow. 47.The movement of a limb away from the midline of the body is called: a) Adduction b) Abduction c) Flexion d) Extension b) Abduction Abduction moves a body part away from the midline. 48.The functional division of the nervous system that controls voluntary movements is the: a) Autonomic nervous system b) Somatic nervous system c) Sympathetic nervous system d) Parasympathetic nervous system b) Somatic nervous system
The somatic nervous system regulates voluntary skeletal muscle movements. 49.The hormone responsible for regulating the sleep-wake cycle is: a) Melatonin b) Serotonin c) Dopamine d) Cortisol a) Melatonin Melatonin secretion from the pineal gland regulates circadian rhythms. 50.Which structure prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing? a) Epiglottis b) Uvula c) Larynx d) Pharynx a) Epiglottis The epiglottis acts as a flap that covers the trachea during swallowing to prevent aspiration. 51.Which ion influx causes depolarization in a neuron during an action potential? a) Potassium (K+) b) Calcium (Ca2+) c) Sodium (Na+)
d) Larynx b) Alveolus Alveoli are microscopic air sacs that provide a large surface area for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange. 55.The hormone secreted by the pancreas that raises blood glucose levels is: a) Insulin b) Glucagon c) Somatostatin d) Cortisol b) Glucagon Glucagon increases blood glucose by stimulating glycogen breakdown in the liver. 56.Which connective tissue connects muscles to bones? a) Ligament b) Tendon c) Cartilage d) Fascia b) Tendon Tendons attach muscle to bone, allowing force transmission for movement. 57.The largest part of the brain responsible for higher brain functions like reasoning and memory is the: a) Cerebellum b) Brainstem
c) Cerebrum d) Thalamus c) Cerebrum The cerebrum is divided into lobes and handles complex functions such as reasoning, sensory processing, and voluntary movement. 58.What is the primary function of the myelin sheath? a) Produce neurotransmitters b) Protect the neuron and increase conduction speed c) Store calcium ions d) Absorb nutrients b) Protect the neuron and increase conduction speed Myelin insulates axons, allowing faster transmission of nerve impulses. 59.Which organ filters and detoxifies blood, produces bile, and stores glycogen? a) Kidney b) Pancreas c) Liver d) Spleen c) Liver The liver performs numerous metabolic, detoxification, and storage functions. 60.The outermost layer of the meninges is called the: a) Pia mater b) Arachnoid mater
