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A concise overview of the nervous system, covering key concepts such as neuron types, nerve system development, brain structures, and common neurological disorders. It includes definitions and brief explanations of important terms, making it a useful study guide for students of anatomy and physiology.
Typology: Exams
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nervous system - ✔✔must gather, store, and decipher both external and internal information
neurons - ✔✔motor
sensory
inter
motor neurons - ✔✔neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands
efferent nerves - ✔✔"carrying away"
motor neurons
sensory neurons - ✔✔neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord.
Lack true dendrites
afferent neurons - ✔✔"carry toward"
sensory neurons
Interneurons - ✔✔neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs
nerve fiber - ✔✔axon of a neuron.
a single elongated process.
Schwann cells - ✔✔Supporting cells of the peripheral nervous system responsible for the process of regenerating
tracts - ✔✔bundles of nerve fibers in the CNS
nerve system development - ✔✔begins at 6 weeks
nerve system decline - ✔✔verbal skills decline after 70.
nerve cell count decreases.
brain weight declines 10% between ages 20 or 30 - 90.
Synapse - ✔✔A junction where information is transmitted from one neuron to the next.
Central Nervous System (CNS) - ✔✔consists of the brain and spinal cord. (gray and white matter).
receives impulses from the entire body, processes the information, and responds with appropriate actions.
brain - ✔✔the largest mass of nervous tissue in the body at about 3 lbs. (Males slightly larger)
Meninges - ✔✔three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord
Cerebrum - ✔✔Largest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought, and memory.
composed of both gray and white matter.
cerebral hemispheres - ✔✔the two sections of the cortex on the left and right sides of the brain
Lobes of the brain - ✔✔frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
encephalitis - ✔✔inflammation of the brain
migraine headache - ✔✔characterized by throbbing pain on one side of the head
tension headache - ✔✔occurs from long, endured contraction of the skeletal muscles around the face, scalp, upper back, and neck
cluster headache - ✔✔pain is in and around one eye
posttraumatic headache - ✔✔Headache occurs secondary to head injury or concussion.
approximately 1/2 of all head or neck injuries lead to this type.
Huntington's disease - ✔✔Huntington's Chorea.
progressive degenerative disorder that results in uncontrolled bodily movement
Meningitis - ✔✔inflammation of the meninges caused by viral or bacterial infection.
Parkinson's disease - ✔✔A disorder of the central nervous system that affects movement, often including tremors.
spinal cord injuries - ✔✔severe damage to the spinal cord that impairs the function of the spinal cord
quadriplegia - ✔✔paralysis of all four extremities
paraplegia - ✔✔paralysis from the waist down
hemiplegia - ✔✔paralysis on one side
stroke - ✔✔Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) - ✔✔Minor stroke; where neurological function is regained quickly with time.