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A&P 2 STRAIGHTERLINE FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GUARANTEED PASS When erythrocytes are destroyed, which of the following events occurs? - ANSWER - >The globin portion of the molecule is broken down into amino acids. Type AB blood - ANSWER - >has both A and B antigens on the red cells In the platelet release reaction, - ANSWER - >ADP and thromboxanes stimulate other platelets to become activated. The hematocrit is - ANSWER - >d. the percentage of RBCs in a given volume of blood. What vitamin is necessary to produce many clotting factors in the liver? - ANSWER - >Vitamin K A white blood cell engulfing a bacterium is an example of blood functioning in - ANSWER - >a. protection. The oxygenated form of hemoglobin is called - ANSWER -
oxyhemoglobin
The only formed elements that possess a nucleus when mature are the - ANSWER - >c. leukocytes Plasma - ANSWER - >. is the liquid matrix of the blood. An increased amount of heparin in the blood might - ANSWER - >. prevent clotting process. On which chromosome is there a mutation that leads to sickle cell anemia? - ANSWER - >b. chromosome 11 Blood consists of a matrix of plasma and cells; blood is a subtype of ______ tissue. - ANSWER - >e. connective The ability of white blood cells to leave the circulation and enter tissues is called - ANSWER - >b. diapedesis. The nervous system and certain chemicals can cause the constriction of a blood vessel. This is known as - ANSWER
b. vascular spasm The cascade of events in the intrinsic pathway can be set into motion when _____ comes into contact with collagen. - ANSWER - >factor XII
The epicardium - ANSWER - >covers the surface of the heart. Energy for contraction of myocardial cells comes primarily from - ANSWER - >aerobic respiration in the mitochondria What event(s) occur during the QRS complex of an ECG? - ANSWER - >depolarization of the ventricles and repolarization of the atria The relationship between preload and stroke volume is known as - ANSWER - >Starling Law of the heart. Cardiac muscle cells - ANSWER - >are maintained by an extensive capillary network. During the isovolumetric contraction period of the cardiac cycle, - ANSWER - >AV and semilunar valves are closed. Pressure in the right ventricle must exceed pressure in the ____ before the right ventricle can eject blood. - ANSWER - >pulmonary trunk
In the cardiac cycle, - ANSWER - >all four chambers of the heart are in diastole at the same time. What cardiac arrhythmia will have no QRS complex as a symptom? - ANSWER - >ventricular fibrillation Which of the following is administered to the people suffering from myocardial infarction following onset of symptoms? - ANSWER - >Tissue plasminogen activator (t- PA) Which of the following might increase the risk for cardiovascular disease? - ANSWER - >chronic stress Aortic stenosis results from - ANSWER - >a narrowed opening through the aortic valve An incompetent pulmonary semilunar valve could result in less blood reaching the - ANSWER - >lungs A patient has been diagnosed with mild heart disease. Tests show that some of the coronary arteries are partially occluded. Which of the following is the best course of action to treat the disease? - ANSWER -
Angioplasty
The vein that ascends along the medial side of the lower limb to the femoral vein is the ____ saphenous vein and the vein that ascends along the posterior aspect of the leg to the popliteal vein is the _____ saphenous vein. - ANSWER - >great; small If someone has a blood pressure reading of 110/70 mm Hg, their pulse pressure would be - ANSWER - >40 mm Hg. What is the most important means by which capillary exchange occurs? - ANSWER - >diffusion Which of the following statements about laminar blood flow is true? - ANSWER - >The outermost layer of blood experiences the greatest resistance to flow. In capillary exchange, which of the following statements is true? - ANSWER - >Most fluid that leaves the arterial end of a capillary reenters the venous end of a capillary. The exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of - ANSWER -
capillaries.
Resistance to blood flow is greatest in - ANSWER -
arterioles The major types of veins are ____________, ____________, and ______. - ANSWER - >superficial veins, deep veins, and sinuses What are vasa vasorum? - ANSWER - >Blood vessels that nourish the tunica adventitia and tunica media. Which statement is CORRECT? - ANSWER - >Veins contain valves and arteries do not. Which of the following functions is associated with vessels that carry blood directly from arterioles to veins without passing through capillaries? - ANSWER - thermoregulation Which of the following organs would be most likely to contain fenestrated capillaries? - ANSWER - >kidney Case study: Dale Fremore was back home after spending the day at a picnic where he ate some "spoiled" potato salad. He developed severe abdominal pain and cramps, vomiting, and diarrhea. After about ten to twelve episodes of
The body has several mechanisms that can come into play to try to maintain blood pressure and blood flow when a person goes into shock. Urine output usually decreases when a person is in shock. This is the result of - ANSWER - >increased renin secretion. In response to circulatory shock, - ANSWER - >the renin- angiotensin mechanism is activated. In which of the following would you detect a weak pulse?
- ANSWER - >hemorrhagic shock Which of the following organs does NOT contain lymphatic tissue? - ANSWER - >liver Lymph capillaries are found in the - ANSWER - >dermis Nonencapsulated lymphatic tissue called MALT includes all of the following except: - ANSWER - >lymph nodes. The white pulp of the spleen - ANSWER - >contains lymphocytes that can stimulate an immune response.
Describe the wall of lymphatic capillaries. - ANSWER -
Thin-walled, with overlapping squamous cells Lymph nodules are - ANSWER - >located in the loose connective tissue of the digestive system. Lymph exits a lymph node via the - ANSWER - >efferent lymphatic vessels. The spleen - ANSWER - >. filters damaged red blood cells from the blood. The palatine tonsils - ANSWER - >are located at the junction of the oral cavity and pharynx. Lymph movement is assisted by - ANSWER - >contraction of skeletal muscle, contraction of smooth muscle in lymph vessel, pressure changes in the thorax during respiration, and compression of lymphatic vessels. What structural feature of lymphatic vessels is responsible to forward movement of lymph? - ANSWER - valves
The lymphatic system plays a role in maintaining fluid balance within the body by - ANSWER - >returning interstitial fluid to the plasma. The lymphatic system differs from the cardiovascular system in that - ANSWER - >the lymphatic system only carries fluid away from tissues. Which of the following is NOT a secondary lymphatic organ? - ANSWER - >thymus gland A small molecule that can cause an allergic reaction is a/an - ANSWER - >hapten. The secondary or memory response - ANSWER -
provides better protection than the primary response. Lymphocyte activation can occur in several ways. However, in all cases - ANSWER - >lymphocytes must recognize an antigen. Circulatory changes that occur in inflammation include - ANSWER - >increased vascular permeability
Transfusing a person with plasma proteins from a person or an animal that has been actively immunized against a specific antigen provides - ANSWER - >passive immunity Which of the following might occur after a helper T cell is presented with a processed antigen and costimulated? - ANSWER - >Helper T cells release interleukins that stimulate B cells to clone. Several days after an initial contact with an antigen, antibody blood levels increases. This is a - ANSWER -
primary response Which of the following cytokines is mismatched? - ANSWER - >lymphotoxin - costimulator of T cells Antibodies - ANSWER - >have a variable region that binds to a specific antigenic determinant. In a patient experiencing a parasitic worm infection, which of the following immune cells will greatly increase in number? - ANSWER - >eosinophils The intense inflammatory response seen in poison ivy is due to activity of the - ANSWER - >delayed hypersensitivity cells.
What is the function of the nasal conchae? - ANSWER -
increases turbulence and surface area for cleaning, warming and moisturizing the air During swallowing, the opening into the larynx is covered by the - ANSWER - >epiglottis Arrange the following structures in the order air passes through them during inhalation: (1) alveolar ducts (2) alveolus (3) respiratory bronchiole (4) terminal bronchiole - ANSWER - >4, 3, 1, 2 Which of the following is NOT a process of respiration? - ANSWER - >voice production The major regulator of respiration is the plasma concentration of - ANSWER - >carbon dioxide Rhythmicity of breathing involves - ANSWER - >the pre- Bötzinger complex of the ventral respiratory group. Blood oxygen levels - ANSWER - >within the normal PO range have little effect on regulation of respiration.
Whose law explains that an increase in volume causes a decrease in pressure? - ANSWER - >Boyles Law What is the volume of air that can be forcibly expired after expiration of the tidal volume? - ANSWER -
expiratory reserve volume Why is fetal hemoglobin very efficient at picking up oxygen? - ANSWER - >The fetal oxygen-dissociation curve is to the left of the maternal oxygen-dissociation curve. Arrange the following in order from highest to lowest PO2. (1) PO2 of pulmonary veins (2) PO2 of pulmonary artery (3) PO2 of alveolar air - ANSWER - >3, 1, 2 will bind more readily to carbon dioxide. - ANSWER - Hemoglobin that has released its oxygen The Haldane effect means that - ANSWER - >as hemoglobin releases O2, the ability to pick up CO increases. Explain why the PO2 of the blood leaving pulmonary capillaries is 104 mm Hg, but the blood leaving the lungs
Where does the majority of nutrient absorption occur? - ANSWER - >the jejunum and duodenum Damage to the liver would hamper digestion of - ANSWER - >lipids Arrange the following structures in order from the small intestine to the rectum. (1) ascending colon (2) descending colon (3) sigmoid colon (4) transverse colon - ANSWER - >1, 4, 2, 3 A blockage in the colon where the ascending colon turns to become the transverse colon would occur at - ANSWER - >hepatic flexure One of the major functions of the large intestine is to - ANSWER - >convert chyme to feces The _____________ phase of gastric regulation is initiated when acidic chyme enters the duodenum and stimulates the secretion of hormones and local reflexes that inhibit gastric activity. - ANSWER - >gastrointestinal
Cholecystokinin is produced by endocrine cells of the - ANSWER - >small intestine All of the following are substances found within saliva, except _________. - ANSWER - >hydrochloric acid What is the function of bicarbonate when it is secreted by the large intestine? - ANSWER - >It increases the pH of the feces, which are acidic because of bacterial secretions Enterokinase - ANSWER - >activates trypsinogen Which of the following is an end product of protein digestion? - ANSWER - >amino acids Which of the following statements regarding swallowing is true? - ANSWER - >In the pharyngeal phase, food is moved through the pharynx How does the muscularis layer of the esophagus differ from the rest of the digestive tract? - ANSWER - >the superior part is skeletal muscle
