Download AAAE CM Module 2 Questions and Answers 100% Verified by Experts 2024 and more Exams Transportation Engineering in PDF only on Docsity!
AAAE CM Module 2 Questions and
Answers 100% Verified by Experts
NPIAS - Answer Federal plan for airports, addresses development and planning on projects eligible for AIP. State Aviation System Plans - Answer more detailed on how airports within a state can meet states needs Metropolitan or Regional System Plans - Answer more specific indexable and consider capacity, intermodal access and local travelers Airport Areas - Answer Airside, Landside Landside - Answer intermodal access,parking, rental cars ticketing, bag claims, etc Airside Areas - Answer Runways, taxiways, fence, etc. ALP-Grant Assurance 29 - Answer requires ALP be updated at all times, shows land, terminal and facilities. protection zones, approach areas, proposed development and unusual design features ALP Contents - Answer Standard ALP contains following: 1 Cover sheet-signature blocks, and location maps 2 ALP Sheet-data of existing and fyture airfield layout 3 Airport Layout Drawing 4 Airport Airspace Drawing-intended to show imaginary surfaces 5 Inner Portion of Approach Drawing-profile view of runway approaches and obstructions and surfaces associated with the Terminal Instrment Procedures (TERPS) 6 Terminal Area Drawing-and plan depicting terminal and surrounding facilities and heights. lighting and obstructions, also highway routes to and from airport and main business district 7 Land Use Drawing-on Airport and off airport depicting existing and recommended use of all land with property line to at least the 65 DNL noise contours 8 Runway Departure Surfaces Drawing-depicts available departure surfaces 9 Airport Property Map-how tracts were acquired and easements, termed EXHIBIT A on AIP grant applications 10 Data sheet-airport and runway data tables and wind rose(diagram showing percentage of time wind blows from a direction and speed)
- Facilities layout-exisisting and future facilities 12 Utilities drawing-location and capacity of utilities 13 Airport access plan-major routes and modes of transportation that serve airport ALP is signed by FAA making it a legal document,
drawings typically done with computer design software that link features on map with Geographic Information Systems (GIS), FAA uses eALP which allows sharing ALP data 5 Primary Functions of ALP - Answer 1 FAA approved plan required to receive AIP and PFC funding 2 blueprint for airport development 3 public document that serves as a record of aeronautical requirements 4 enables FAA and Sponsor to plan for future improvements 5 working tool for staff, Notice of Propsed Construction or Alteration-FAA StNdard Form SF- 7460 - 1 - Answer notification of construction or alteration has to be given 30 days in advance Notice of Landing Area Proposal-Form SF- 7480 - 1 - Answer notification of activation or alteration of a landing area ALP - Answer ALP should be Reviewed and Vaidated every 2-7 years. Necessary when existing ALP cannot accommodate forecast needs or meet design standards Grant Assurance Requirements for ALP - Answer 1 Property lines 2 location and nature of existing and proposed facilities (ie. runways, taxiway, parking lots) 3 existing and proposed non-aviation areas and improvements (ie. parking lots, access roads, water retention ponds) ALP Approval - Answer FAA approves that ALP must be Safe, Useful and Efficient. ALP must be submitted at Airports District Office (ADO) Safe - Answer safe operation of aircraft Useful - Answer make best use of airport land while minimizes impact of offairport structures Efficient - Answer planned capacity is sufficient for forecast demand FAA ALP 3 Levels of Approval - Answer Unconditional (met environmental processing), Conditional(environmental processing has not been completed for all items) and Mixed (completed elements can proceed others cannot until approval is received) National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) - Answer review for environmental FAAs Airport Data and Information Program - Answer guides sponsors on collection, submission and management or airpirt data ensuring airport users most current information- achived through AIRPORT MASTER RECORD Airport Master Record - Answer describes basic operational and services data of the airports Airport Data Record- 5010 Form - Answer Airport operator required to complete annually, FAA uses to complete aeronautical charts and Airport Facility Directory (A/FD) Airport Facility Directory (A/FD) - Answer pilots use as reference (runway lengths, Airport use, elevation and runway slope)
Master Plan Part 1: Pre-Planning - Answer type and level of detail of study needs to be determined Consultant Selection Guidance - Answer Architectural, Engineering and Planning Consultant Srvices for Airport Grant Projects FAA AC 150/5100-14, AIRPORT CONSULTANTS COUNCIL's (ACC) reference "Guidelines to Selecting Airport Consultants". Consultant selection process is governed by the BROOKS ACT - requires selection be made based on qualifications and be awarded by fair and open selection process , consultants are usually hired before issuing RFPs, RFQs or Statements of Qualifications (SOQ). Process start with invitation to submit information via RFP or RFQ Topics addressed in Master Plan study - Answer 1 Goals and Objectives-why is MP study being conducted and key issues for future development 2.Data Availability-available forecasts and current data and data needed to be collected
- Forecast Horizons-ie. 5, 10 ,15 years. Planning Activity Levels are increasingly being used
- Environmental Considerations-Operator should determine if Environmental Assessment (EA) or Environmental Impact Study (EIS) will be required
- Schedules-decision points requiring FAA or Sponsor approval to proceed
- Deliverables-work and level of detail required
- Coordination of Public Involvement- level of public involvement based on complexity of study
- Budget-scope of work and fees Part 2: Public Involvement - Answer An effective PUBLIC AWARENESS CAMPAIGN is essential. The public involvement program shares information and collaborates on decision- making. Program should include Officials, residents, travelers, tenants, FAA-group known as stakeholders. TECHNICAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE (TAC) and CITIZENS ADVISORY COMMITTEE (CAC) - Committees that facilitate involvement Part 3: Environmental Considerations - Answer identify potential environmental impact and required permits. Airport Environmental Handbook FAA Order 5050.4A should be consulted a guide. There are approx. 40 laws, executive orders and regulations governing environment ie. Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, Endangered Species Act. A balance needs to be achieved between man-made and natural environment Part 4: Existing Conditions and Issues - Answer aka Inventory (of pertinent data). Historical Review of airport, Airspace Structures, NAVAIDS, airport-related land use. aeronautical activity, socioeconomic factors Classifications used in this element of Master Plan - Answer 1. Airfield/Airspace
- Commercial Passenger Termial Facilities
- General Aviation Facilities
- Cargo Facilities
- Support Facilities ie. ARFF, Airport admin, fuel storage, control tower
- Access. Circulation and Parking
- Utilities Non-aeronautical Facilities
Part 5: Aviation Demand Forecasts - Answer Forecasts of future levels of aviation activity are the basis for effective airport planning. Short-term (up to 5 years) near-term development, operational planing and environmental improvement. Medium-term- 6 - 10 year time frame used in planning capital improvements. Long-term-10+ years helpful for general planting. There are a number of forecasts including the OFFICIAL AIRLINE GUIDE (OAG) Aviation Deman Elements - Answer 1. Aircraft Operation (take off or landing)
- Local Operations-arrivals and departures that stay in local traffic pattern and training flights within 20 miles of airport, instrument approaches
- Itinerant Operations-arrivals and departures other than local
- Enplaned Passengers-#of paying passengers that depart airport on commercial flight
- Enplaned Air Cargo-total tonnage departing on aircraft
- Aircraft Mix-categories of aircraft: less than 12,500 pounds, 12,500-60,000 pounds and over 60,000 and helicopter Factors used to Forecast Demand - Answer 1. Economic Characteristics-a communities economic character
- Demographic Characteristics- size and composition of airport communities population and potential growth rate.
- Geographical Attributes-spatial distribution and proximity of populations and commerce centers
- Aviation Related Factors-fuel prices, regulatory environment, taxes, business activities, local attitudes towards aviation.
- Other Factors-actions taken by authorities or Operators ie. user charges, plans for future development and economic fluctuations Forecast Process - Answer 1. identification of aviation activity measures
- review of previous forecasts
- collection of data
- selection of appropriate forecast methods Common Forecadt Techniques - Answer 1. Regression Analysis-tying aviation demand to enplanements, population, and income levels
- Trend Analysis and Extrapolation-uses historical pattern of activity to project future trends
- Market Share Analysis-local forecasts represent a market share or percentage of national forecasts
- Smoothing-technique applied to historical data focused more on recent trends and conditions Part 6: Facility Requirements - Answer Compare current facilities and services with forecasted demand then determine needed facilities and services ("gap analysis")
- Airfield and Airspace
- Commercial Service Terminal
- General Aviation Requirements
- Air Cargo Requirements
- Support Facilities
- Ground Access, Circulation and Parking
Airport Operations Area (AOA) - Answer commonly considered '"airside" it is area used for take off,, landing or surface maneuvering and is a security term not FAA term. Encompasses movement and nonmovement areas Substantial Use - Answer 500 or more annual itinerant operations or largest scheduled commercial aircraft FAA Requirements for federally funded airport development projects - Answer 1. Safe Operations
- Increasing capacity and efficiency
- Reducing delays
- Economic viability
- Noise reduction
- Environmental protection Runway Design Code/Design Aircraft components - Answer 1st-approach speed Aircraft Approach Category (ACC) 2nd-aircraft wingspan or tail height Aircraft Design Group (ADG) 3rd-Instrument flight visibility Airport Reference Code (ARC) - Answer Used for planning and design purposes-does not limit aircraftthat are able to operate safely on airport. it is the airports highest Runway Design Code (RDC) minus the visibility component of the RDC. Runway layout - Answer metorological conditions, topography, volume of aircraft expected, instrument approach layout. Design aircraft should be able to use runway 95% of the year within it's maximum crosswind componentp Four basic runway configurations - Answer 1. Single
- Open V
- Parallel
- Intersecting Runway threshold - Answer beginning portion of runway used for takeoffs and landings Displaced threshold - Answer located a distance down the runway may be used for takeoffs and rollouts Runway Safety Area (RSA) - Answer runway or taxiway and surrounding area suitable for reducing the risk of damage to aircraft due to running off the runway or taxiway Runway Safety Area-width of 120'-500' depending on aircraft design group Taxiway Safety Area-49'-262' Engineered Material Arresting System (EMAS) - Answer soft ground arrested system developed if there is not enough room for a Runway Safety Area (RSA) Runway Protection Zone (RPZ) - Answer trapezoid shape enhancing protection of people and property on tge ground. Some uses are permitted ie. golf course
Object Free Area (OFA) - Answer area around runway and taxiways that must be free of objects not needed for navigation or ground maneuvering (ie. signs) Obstacle-Free Zone (OFZ) - Answer airspace above the runway kept clear of objects except visual aids mounted on frangible couplings Building Restriction Line (BRL) - Answer shown on ALP shows suitable building area locations on an airport. Declared Distances - Answer distances available for a turbine aircraft TORA, TODA, ASDA & LDA Take-Off Run Available (TORA) Take-Off Distance Available (TODA) Accelerate-stop Distance Available (ASDA) Landing Distance Available (LDA) FAA provides declared distances at runways that do not have enough space for an adequate RSA. Runway Visibility Zone (RVZ) - Answer used for intersecting runways when buildings block visibility of other runways Other parameters of airport design - Answer 1. Elevation-highest point on runway in MSL 2.Airport Reference Point (ARP)-latitude and longitude of runway's geographic center
- Maximun Takeoff Weight-large aircraft maximum take-off weight of more than 12, lbs, small aircraft maximum take-off weight is less than 12,500 lbs.
- Stopway-rectangle area beyond departure end of runway used to minimize damage to aircraft in an overrun
- Clearway-rectangle area off departure end of runway obstacle free area for initial climb Taxiway - Answer Movement Area used for aircraft to move from point to point on an airport Taxilane - Answer portion of a ramp used for access between taxiways and aircraft parking typically non-movement area Taxiway separation - Answer distance between taxiway/taxilane centerline and other objects- based on wingtip clearance required Passenger terminal aprons - Answer where passengers board and deplane Remote aprons - Answer located where aircraft can be stored for long periods of time ie. Remain-Over-Night (RON) Hangar apron - Answer in front of hangar that allows aircraft moving in and out of hangar Stand Guidance Systems - Answer visual aids on the terminal building that tell a pilot if they are on the centerline and when to stop to park Heliports - Answer the FAA has exempted operators of heliports from complying with Part 139 requirements
Pre-bid conference - Answer for large projects or where required for procurement. Meeting is held to explain contract requirements Pre-construction Conference - Answer held by Airport Sponsor to discuss critical project issues Change Orders - Answer change in contract. Wages cannot be changed. Change orders can be
- or - 25% of contract cost, FAA doesn't approve change orders but a list of change orders should be sent to the FAA in case a Grant amendment is required Supplemental Agreement - Answer a separate agreement when work that exceeds 25% of contract cost. Wage rates may be a part of a supplemental agreement As Builts - Answer finsl plans depict construction ALP must be updated and set of ASBuilts sent to the FAA FAA Form 7460-2 Notice of Actual Construction or Alteration - Answer required to be filed when an approved construction or alteration is completed FAR Part 77-Safe, Efficient Use and Preservation of the Navigable Airspace - Answer Establishes procedures for reporting construction to the FAA that may be a potential obstruction to safe air navigation.
- standards for determining obstructions
- requirements for notice of prposed construction
- aeronautical studies to determine safety of obstructions
- provides for public hearings on effect of proposed construction
- provides for establishing antenna farms Object - Answer natural growth, terrain, permanent ot temporary construction or alteration and apparatus of a permanent or temporary character Imaginary Surfaces - Answer 1. Primary
- Transitional
- Approach
- Horizontal
- Conical Primary Surface - Answer centered on runway centerline and extends 200' past runway end. Width is between 200'-1,000' depending on type of approach Transitional Surface - Answer extend outward and upward at right angles from runway centerline at slope of 7:1 starting at the sides of the Primary Surfaces, extends 5,000' from edge of approach surface Approach Surface - Answer start 200' from runway end and extend outward up to 50,000' (less for nonprecision and visual approaches Horizontal Surface - Answer level plane 150' above runway, extends 5,000' for visual approaches and 10,000' for instrument approaches
Conical Surface - Answer starts at perimeter of horizontal surface and continues at upward slope of 20:1 for 4,000'. FAR 77 notification requirements - Answer 1. any construction exceeding 200 ft.
- Within vicinity of airport depending on height
- highways and railroads that exceed heights
- when requested by FAA
- Any construction located on an airport regardless of height Terminal System Components - Answer 1. Access Interface
- Passenger Processing
- Flight Interface Access Interface - Answer landside operations, intermodal transportation, parking, vehicle circulation, curb frontagea Passenger Processing System - Answer ticketing, bag claim, security screening and inspection, FIDs, concessions, airport admin offices Flight Interface - Answer aircraft loading and unloading areas, concourses, gate areas, jet bridges, airline admin areas Airport Operating Efficiencies - Answer cost of heating and cooling, lighting, cleaning, maintenance, etc Peak Hour Demand - Answer heaviest concentrations at certain times of day Four Audiences to consider in Terminal Design - Answer 1. Passengers
- Airlines 3.Airport Operators
- Community Annual Passenger Volume - Answer used to determine size of terminal Peak Hour Volume - Answer used for terminal design Airport Types - Answer 1. Origination/Destination (O&D)-airports where 70%-90% of passengers begin or end their travel
- Transfer (connecting)-typically 50% of enplanements transfer to another flight, hubs are often transfer airports
- Through-high percentage of originating passengers and low percentage of originating flights Aircraft Mix - Answer different sizes and styles of aircraft affecting terminal layout Terminal space needed per passenger - Answer approx. .08-.12 sqft per annual enplaned passenger or 150 ft/design hour passenger 55% of space is rentable, 45% is non-rentable (hallways, mechanical, etc)
LEGIBLE - large enough to be comfortably read LOCATION - signs should be located at decision points Federal Inspection Service (FIS) - Answer includes immigration, customs, agriculture, and public health. International passengers must be segregated until they exit the FIS Custom Accelerated Passenger Inspection Service (CAPIS) - Answer separate immigration and checkpoints- time consuming for passengers and labor intensive. Other options- ONE STOP- combines immigration and customs and RED-GREEN-Alliws those who don't have items to declare to be separated from those who do and bypassing inspection Pre-clearance Operations - Answer customs and immigration are performed at airport of origin Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) - Answer 1. New buildings must be free of architectural and communication barriers that restrict access or use by individuals with disabilities
- existing buildings be altered to be readily accessible to individuals with disabilities to maximum extend feasible
- furnish auxiliary aids, services and/or telecommunication devices Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines (ADAAG) - Answer overall requirements needed for the design and construction of buildings and facilities. The DOT has adopted the ADAAG as the accessibility standard for transportation facilities and vehicles acquired using federal funds FAA Airport Disability Program (ADCP) - Answer designed to ensure operators meet their obligation with regard to ADA requirements National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) - Answer FAA must comply with procedures and policies Environmental Requirements - Answer NEPA and the Airport and Airway Improvement Act of 1982 (AAIA)-An environmental review has to be performed for certain types of projects before FAA grant issuance Office of Airports (ARP) - Answer Airport Sponsors should request approval from the Office of Airports for actions that affect the environment Federal Action - Answer The FAA must comply with NEPA for all proposed development including ALP approvals 3 NEPA Categories of environmental action for projects - Answer 1. Categorical Exclusion- no environmental impact expected
- Environmental Assessment-less complex and little or no impact expected
- Environmental Impact Statement-complex projects where impacts are expected and mitigation may be necessary
Categorically Excluded (CATEX) - Answer some project will not or are likely to not have environmental impact and are excluded from NEPA. Form must be completed and submitted to the FAA Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA)-Superfund - Answer 1. Establishes Potential Responsible Party (PRP)
- Established toxic waste clean up fund when PRP could not be identified Extraordinary Circumstances - Answer normally categorically excluded action may cause significant adverse environmental impacts - determined by FAA Significance Thresholds - Answer project that usually is categorically excluded exceed significance thresholds listed in FAA Order 5050.4B Environmental Assessment (EA) - Answer performed when a project is not categorically excluded or involves extraordinary circumstances- takes a hard look at at expected environmental effects of proposed action Finding of No Significance Impact (FONSI) - Answer prepared based on results of the EA if impacts are not significant, may also be issued if Airport Sponsor takes mitigation actions Record of Decision (ROD) - FONSI/ROD - Answer addresses circumstances relevant to the action Notice of Intent (NOI) - Answer Airport Sponsor files with the FAA when an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) is necessary Environmental Impact Statement - Answer identifies affects proposed project may have, environmental impacts, impacts alternatives may cause, makes mitigation suggestions. Few projects require an EIS Environmental Audit - Answer recommended method for Airport Sponsor to determine environmental liabilities and issues. Sets a "good faith" effort. Airport Sponsor is also responsible for tenants actions past and present Environmental Management Systems (EMS) - Answer business management practice that serves as a strategic plan for addressing environmental matters 5 components of Environmental Management System - Answer 1. Management review
- commitment and Environmental policy
- Planning
- Checking
- Implementation and Operation Nonattainment areas - Answer do not meet federal air quality standards (25% of US airports are in nonattainment areas) State Implementation Plans (SIP) - Answer inventory of all airport emission sources
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) - Answer primary agency responsible for national enforcement of environmental regulations (enforcement can be delegated ie. to the FAA or state) Enforcement - Answer all efforts to ensure compliance with environmental laws Compliance - Answer when person or company fully obeys the law Environmental Capacity - Answer building environmental networks and communities of practice by stakeholders including public education, planning, conflict resolution, disclosure, information dissemination-enhancing their EMS Sustainability Development (SD) - Answer United Nations definition-seeking to meet the needs and aspirations of tge present without compromising the ability to meet those of the future. rooted in global concern for socioeconomic policy, environmental factors and business policy Leadership in Environmental Energy and Design (LEED) - Answer certification process that verifies if a building meets stringent environmentally safe building and performance measures administered by the Green Building Certification Institute (GBCI) Transportation Research Board (TRB) airport sustainability definition - Answer meeting the transportation needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their needs. Advantages of SD - Answer management strategy for long term, a proactive approach to environmental management, improves profitability, improves partnerships and community relationships and reduce the carbon footprint Clean Airport Partnership (CAP) Green Airport Initiative - Answer accreditation as a green airport AAAE Environmental Watch - Answer content and best practices of airport environmental management Biodiversity - Answer effects of wildlife on airports and the effects of aircraft noise on migration National Airspace System (NAS) - Answer total of all airports, nav aids, ATC and airspace within the US 2 Categories of airspace - Answer 1. regulatory
- non- regulatory Regulatory airspace - Answer A, B, C, D, E, Restricted and Prohibited areas Non-regulatory - Answer Military Operations Areas (MOAs), warning areas, alert areas and controlled firing areas 4 Types of Airspace - Answer 1. Controlled
- Uncontrolled
- Special use
- Other Terminal airspace - Answer area around nations largest airports. From ground to designated altitude, sixty mile diameter, can include multiple airports Class A Airspace - Answer above 18,000' MSL to FL 600 (60,000') must be on IFR flight plan Class B Airspace - Answer surface to 10,000' MSL around nations busiest airports, upside down wedding cake shape, must have ATC clearance to operate in Class C Airspace - Answer surface to 4,000' AGL, airports with a tower and radar approach,5NM radius core up to 4,000' AGL, 10NM shelf up to no lower than 1,200' up to 4,000' AGL, radio communication must be established with ATC Class D Airspace - Answer surface to 2,500' AGL with a tower Class E Airspace - Answer controlled areas (federal airways), provides separation for VFR & IFR, at airports with instrument approach but no tower Class G Airspace - Answer all other uncontrolled airspace, surface to base of overlaying Class B airspace or 14,000MSL Transition Area - Answer extends out from Class B and Class C airspace allow for IFR climbs and descents Continental Control Area - Answer airspace above 14,500' over the contiguous 48 states Special Use Airspace - Answer designated for certain activities ie. prohibited, restricted, ..... Prohibited Areas - Answer flight is prohibited for national security Restricted Areas - Answer used for visible hazards to aircraft. IFR can transition hut VFR need to ensure it is not active Warning Area - Answer over international waters, extend from 3 miles beyond shore Military Operations Areas (MOAs) - Answer separate high-speed military aircraft from GA, pilots may request traffic advisories before entering Military Training Routes (MTRs) - Answer high speed one-way routes for military aircraft. Pilots need to keep alert for military aircraft Alert Areas - Answer unusual activity is taking place ie. high density of rotor aircraft training Control Firing Areas (CFAs) - Answer activities that can be hazardous to non-participating aircraft, activities stop when aircraft is spotted
UNICOM - Answer may be able to provide airport information by an FBO or FSS CTAF - Answer designated frequency for an airport-"party line" for pilots Right of way - Answer aircraft over vehicles landing aircraft over all others except declared emergencies Aeronatical Information Manual (AIM) - Answer contains non-towered procedures and communication practices Non-Towered Aiport - Answer See and avoid is practiced Traffic Pattern - Answer helps maintain visual separation and orderliness, extend 600'-1,500' AGL, typically left hand turns Traffic Pattern Legs - Answer 1. Departure *Upwind for missed
- Crosswind
- Downwind
- Base
- Final Two-way Radio Communications - Answer 1. who you are contacting
- who you are
- message or intent
- acknowledge Contract Tower Program - Answer ATC services contracted to private provider at some VFR airports US Contract Tower Association (USCTA) - Answer formed by AAAE 2 types of Radar Facilities - Answer 1. Terminal Radar Approach Control (TRACON)
- Air Route Traffic Control Centers (ARTCC) "Center" TRACON - Answer links departure airport to encounter, 30 NM from facility up to 10,000' Controller Positions:
- Approach
- Depature
- Clearance
- Flight data Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC) - Answer separate participating enrolled aircraft 5 types of Radar - Answer 1. Airport Surveillance Radar (ASR)-short-range (60 miles) used at TRACON with Automated Radar Terminal Systems (ARTS)-receives transponder signals
- Air Route Surveillance Radar (ARSR) - 100 - 120 NM used for enroute
- Air Surface Detection Equipment (ASDE)-Used for vehicle positioning and potential runway conflicts
- Precision Runway Monitoring (PRM)-enhanced and accurate radar
- Precision Approach Radar (PAR)-Lateral and vertical radar
Transponder - Answer beacon in aircraft emergency squawks: 7700 emergency 7600 radio failure 7600 high jacking Chart Supplement US - Answer formerly AF/D
- Answer
- Answer
- Answer Navigation system requirements - Answer FAA certifies aircraft navigation systems must have:
- Integrity-system can monitor itself
- Accuracy-show true position
- Availability & Reliability-provides functional navigation service Non-Directional Beacon (NDB) - Answer inexpensive, early form of navigation Automatic Direction Finder (ADF)is installed in aircraft Very High Frequency Omni-Directional Range (VOR) - Answer approximately 200 mile range, train can block signal, signal extends out and up Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)-also gives distance from the station Terminal VOR (TVOR) - Answer located at an airport, 25 NM range Global Positioning Systems - Answer 24 satellites orbiting earth at 11,000', when signal is received by 4 satellites latitude, longitude, altitude and time can be determined, replacing VOR and NDB approaches, not as accurate as ILS, augmented with Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) and Ground Based Augmentation System (GBAS) is capable of precision approach-ground based navigation system is required in conjunction with GPS for instrument approaches, GBAS may eventually replace ILS Instrument Landing System (ILS) - Answer azimuth, elevation and range during approach to land ILS localizer - Answer laterally align with runway, line of sight for 10 miles & 35 dgrees right or left of centerline Localized Directional Aid (LDA) - Answer approach guidance to an airport-not necessarily the runway Glide Slope (GS) - Answer verticle guidance with 3 degree approach slope Marker Beacon (MB) - Answer located along localized path at fixed distances- CAT II & III have Outer, Middle and Inner Markers
