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A&P TEST 1 REVIEW QUESTIONS
WITH ANSWERS 2024
- Nucleus - ✔✔The brain of the cell. Contains DNA and other genetic material.
- Atom - ✔✔Building blocks of elements
- Atomic Mass - ✔✔Sum of the masses of the protons and neutrons
- Atomic Number - ✔✔Number of protons in its nucleus
- Atomic Weight - ✔✔Averages of the atomic masses for an individual element, given as grams/mole
- Catabolism - ✔✔Breaking down of substances into simpler building blocks
- Cations and Anions - ✔✔Cation - when the atom gains one or more electrons, giving it a net negative charge.
- Anion - when an atom loses one or more electrons
- Cell Cycle – ✔✔Only for mitotic cells - amitotic cells: muscle cells & neurons Interphase
- G1 growth of cell and cytoplasm
- S DNA replication occurs
- G2 More growth of the cell and its cytoplasm prior to division 10.Chromatin - ✔✔Uncoiled chromosomes. Consists of DNA+RNA+protein 11.Covalent Bond - ✔✔Bond created by sharing of electrons 12.Cytology - ✔✔Study of the cells 13.Cytoplasm - ✔✔The intracellular fluid packed with organelles (small structures that perform specific cell functions). 14.Desmosomes - ✔✔Serve as anchoring junctions--mechanical couplings scattered like rivets along the sides of adjacent cells to prevent their separation. 15.Disaccharides - ✔✔Double sugars 16.DNA Pairing and RNA Pairing - ✔✔DNA - TCAG (T--A, C--G) RNA- GUAC (U replaces T)
22.Homeostasis - ✔✔Ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment despite changing outside conditions. 23.Hydrogen Bond - ✔✔Bond between molecules containing partial electrical charge 24.Hydrophilic - ✔✔Refers to molecules that interact with water and charged particles 25.Hydrophobic - ✔✔molecules, or portions of molecules, that only interact with non-polar molecules 26.Hypertonic vs Hypotonic solutions - Hypertonic: have greater solute, hence lower water concentration Hypotonic: have less solute, hence higher water concentration 27.Interstitial Fluid (type of extracellular fluid) - ✔✔The fluid in tissues that bathes all of our cells. Like a nutritious "soup" containing amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, regulatory substances, and wastes. Intracellular Fluid 28.Ionic Bond - ✔✔Bonds formed between positively charged ions (cations) and negatively charged ions (anions)
29.Isotonic Solutions - ✔✔Isotonic solutions have the same concentrations of nonpenetrating solutes as those found in cells. Cells exposed to isotonic solutions remain in their normal shape, and do not lose/gain water. 30.Isotope - ✔✔Atoms with unstable nuclei which emit radiation 31.Lipid - ✔✔Insoluble in water, but dissolve readily in other lipids (fats) 32.Lysosomes - ✔✔Organelles that originate from the Golgi apperatus and contain strong digestive enzymes. 33.Metabolism - ✔✔Broad term which includes all chemical reactions that occur within body cells. 34.Mitochondria – ✔✔a.Powerhouse of the cell (most ATP made here). b.Double membrane lined organelle c.Has its own DNA d.Replicate independent of the cell cycle e.Can induce greater bloodflow 35.Mitosis and Cytokinesis - ✔✔Prophase- first phase of mitosis Metaphase- second phase of mitosis Anaphase- third phase of mitosis
44.Anabolism - ✔✔Synthesizing more complex cellular structures from simpler substances. 45.Anatomy - ✔✔Study of the structure of body parts 46.Octet Rule - ✔✔Electron shells are electrically stable when they contain 8 valence electrons. 47.Osmolarity - ✔✔The concentration of a solution in terms of osmoles of solute per liter of solution. 48.Oxidation and Reduction - ✔✔Oxidation - a molecule has lost useful electrical energy, gains hydrogen or loses oxygen 49.Reduction - a molecule has gained useful electrical energy 50.Peptide Bond - ✔✔A special covalent bond between amino acids 51.Peroxisomes - ✔✔Neutralize free radicals (an atom with an unpaired electron) Very reactive and unstable pH Levels - ✔✔x10 change for each unit. acidic - 0 - 6. neutral - 7 basic - 7.01- 14
52.pH Levels of Body Fluids - ✔✔Strength of an an acid or base a. gastric stomach juice - 2. b. intracellular fluid - 7. c. extracellular fluid - 7. 53.Phospholipid - ✔✔Fatty acid removed leaving a diglyceride 54.Physiology - ✔✔Study of the function of body parts 55.Plasma Membrane (PM) - ✔✔Surrounds the boundary of the cell Separates intracellular and extracellular fluids Serves as a mechanical barrier, regulates what enters and exits the cell 56.Polar Covalent Bond vs Non-Polar Covalent Bond – Polar: unequal sharing of electrons Non-Polar: electrons are shared equally 57.Polysaccharide - ✔✔Multiple simple sugars linked together by dehydration synthesis 58.Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid - ✔✔Fatty acid chains that contain two or more double bonds between carbon atoms
Atomic- atoms are the fundamental particles of known matter Molecule- two or more atoms bonded together 63.Tight Junction - ✔✔A series of integral protein molecules in the Plasma Membranes of adjacent cells fuse together forming an impermeable junction that encircles the cell. Prevents molecules from passing through extracellular space between cells 64.Triglyceride - ✔✔Neutral fats a. 1 glycerol molecule plus 3 fatty acids either monounsaturated or polyunsaturated 65.Ventral Cavity: Abdominopelvic Cavity - ✔✔2 Parts Abdominal: houses digestive organs Pelvic: reproductive organs, urinary bladder, rectum Ventral Cavity: Thoracic Cavity - ✔✔Two plural cavities house the lungs Mediastinum contains the pericardial cavity, which houses the heart.
