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Differentiate between an organic compound
and an inorganic compound.
An organic compound always contains carbon. Organic compounds contain carbon/hydrogen/oxygen/nitrogen/phosphorus, have covalent bonds (share electrons) and are large/complex molecules. Examples: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. Inorganic compounds lack carbon atoms and are composed of other elements (90-100). Inorganic compounds contain ionic bonds (one element is negatively charged and one is positively charged, held together by charge attraction-weak) and are smaller/less complex. Examples: water, ammonia, calcium, hydrogen sulfide and all metals. TERM 2
7 examples of structural/fibrous proteins and
their functions.
DEFINITION 2 Collagen: tensile strength of bones, tendons/ligaments (connective/support tissues) Keratin: structural protein of hair/nails and water-resistant material of skin Elastin: found along with collagen, in ligaments that bind bones together providing durability/flexibility) (ears and face) (smile) Spectrin: internally reinforces/stabilizes the plasma membrane of cells (red blood cells) Dystrophin: reinforces/stablizes the plasma membrane of muscle cells Titin: accounts for elasticity of skeletal muscles Actin and Myosin: contractile proteins, causes muscle shortening (contraction), cell division and intracellular transport in nerve cells (muscle tone and strength) TERM 3
What is the single most abundant substance
of the body accounting for 60-80% of body
weight?
DEFINITION 3
Water, H2O
TERM 4
Describe a structural/fibrous protein
DEFINITION 4 A structural protein is a fibrous protein that confers structure. Structural proteins are extended and strand-like. Some exhibit only secondary structures (primary chain forming spirals/sheets), but most have tertiary structure (spirals or sheets are folded upon one another) or even quaternary structure (two or more polypeptide chains combining). Fibrous proteins provide structural framework/mechanical support and movement. Fibrous proteins are very stable. TERM 5
Describe DNA in terms of nucleotide and
structure
DEFINITION 5 DNA is found in the nucleus (control center) of the cell, where it constitutes genetic material (genes) (genome). DNA replicates (reproduces) itself before a cell divides, ensuring genetic information is identical and provides basic instructions for building every protein in the body. DNA is a double strand coiled into a double helix(alpha-helix) and it's sugar is deoxyribose. DNA's bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine.
What are proteins? Give 2
examples
Proteins are complex molecules made up of amino acids. 10-30% of a cell is protein, the rest is water. All cells are made up of proteins and all cells are protein factories. The construction of a protein is carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur. Proteins are macromolecules (along with carbohydrates and lipids). Two examples of proteins are hemoglobin and contractile proteins. * polypeptides make a protein! TERM 7
Electrolyte
DEFINITION 7
Substances which when dissolved in water, break up into
cations (positively-charged ions) and anions (negatively-
charged ions). *Electrolytes ionize!
TERM 8
Describe the differences between saturated
and unsaturated fatty acids
DEFINITION 8 Saturated means each carbon is surrounded by a hydrogen with single bonds (each carbon is saturated in hydrogen) and unsaturated means the chain is missing at least two hydrogen bonds; also double bonded between carbons. The double bond causes a kink in the chain, so it can't form a solid because the molecules can't lay on top of each other and coagulate (they slide past one another). A saturated fat is liquid at room temperature. TERM 9
Describe a phospholipid (the hydrophobic and
hydrophyilic parts) and it's function
DEFINITION 9 Phospholipids are modified triglycerides containing a phosphate (phosphorus) head and two fatty acid tails. The head is hydrophyilic (love of water) (water draws close to the head) and the tail is hydrophobic (fear of water) (water repels from the tail). Phospholipids are found in cell membranes as excellent barriers, keeping water in or out of the cell. TERM 10
Describe a functional/globular
protein
DEFINITION 10 Functional proteins are globular proteins that are compact and spherical. Functional proteins are water-soluble, chemically active and crucial in most biological processes (functions). Functional proteins have at least tertiary structure, but some also exhibit quaternary structure. Functional proteins assist in transport/body defense, protein management, the regulation of pH/metabolism, help provide immunity, regulate growth/development and some act as catalysts. Globular proteins aren't very stable.
What is protein denaturing?
Protein denaturing is the unfolding of proteins (the loss of
fold) through heat or changes in pH levels. Reversible to
some extent, but in cases of extreme heat/pH; denaturing is
irreversible. The physiological role of a protein is lost when
denatured. *Remember albumen in eggs!
TERM 17
What are co-enzymes?
DEFINITION 17
A co-enzyme is necessary for the functioning of an enzyme
and is the co-factor of holoenzymes (an enzyme consisting of
two parts; an apoenzyme and a co-factor), if the co-factor is
organic/derived from vitamins (B-complex vitamins)
TERM 18
What is glycogen and where is it
stored?
DEFINITION 18
Glycogen is a polysaccharide and is the storage carbohydrate
of animal tissues, stored primarily in muscles and the liver.
Glycogen is a very large molecule and is broken down when
blood sugar levels drop sharply.
TERM 19
What is a carbohydrate?
DEFINITION 19
Carbohydrates are sugars/starches. Carbohydrates contain
hydrogen, carbon and oxygen; with hydrogen and oxygen in
a 2:1 ratio. Carbohydrates are classified by size and
solubility. Carbohydrates represent 1-2% of cell mass.
TERM 20
What is glucose and what is it's
importance?
DEFINITION 20
Glucose is a blood sugar; a simple sugar that is an important
energy source. Glucose is needed as an energy source for all
the cells and organs of the body.
pH scale: What's an acid/base and what
determines each one?
Acids are in the 0-7 range and contain more hydrogen ions. Acids are determined by the concentration of hydrogen (high concentration), have a sour taste and react with metals to produce hydrogen gas. An acid can donate a proton or accept an electron. Bases are in the 7-14 range and contain more hydroxyl ions. Bases have a low concentration of hydrogen ions, are alkaline, have a bitter taste and a slippery feel. A base donates electrons or accepts protons. TERM 22
3 Organs in the Hypogastric (Pubic)
Region
DEFINITION 22
Female Reproductive Organs
Sigmoid Colon
Urinary Bladder*
TERM 23
4 Organs in the Right Hypochondriac
Region
DEFINITION 23
Small Intestine
Right Kidney
Liver*
Gallbladder*
TERM 24
Explain what is stored in chemical bonds and
what occurs when the bonds are broken
DEFINITION 24
Chemical energy is stored in chemical bonds and when these
bonds are broken, energy is released.
TERM 25
What influences the rate of a chemical
reaction and how?
DEFINITION 25 Catalysts influence the rate of chemical reactions (globular proteins acting as catalysts) by absorbing activation energy. The activation energy is needed to alter the bonds of the reactants so that they can be rearranged to become the product. Kinetic energy pushes the reactants to an energy level where random collisions are forceful enough to ensure interaction.
What are the major ions inside and outside of
the cell?
Sodium, which is abundant outside of the cell & Potassium,
which is abundant inside the cell
TERM 32
How are proteins synthesized?
DEFINITION 32
Proteins are synthesized through the joining of atoms in
amino acids by dehydration synthesis
TERM 33
Synovial Cavity
DEFINITION 33
A joint cavity (synovial joint)
TERM 34
What two larger cavities is the ventral body
cavity divided into?
DEFINITION 34
The thoracic (found under the ventral cavity and superior or
above the abdominopelvic cavity) and abdominopelvic cavity
(below or inferior to the thoracic cavity)
TERM 35
What two smaller cavities are within the
dorsal cavity and what organ do they each
contain?
DEFINITION 35
Cranial Cavity: brain
Vertebral Cavity: spinal cord
What is a molecular chaperone and what do
they do?
A molecular chaperone is a functional globular protein that all proteins have, it makes sure everything goes the way it should and the job gets done. The chaperone aids in the prevention of premature or accidental unfolding and in the function of proteins. The chaperone also moves the protein in or out of the cell, depending on where it needs to go. The chaperone will also attempt to fix any unfolding, but if it's not possible then it will breakdown damaged proteins to recycle the amino acids. TERM 37
What 2 smaller cavities is the abdominopelvic
cavity divided into and what organs do they
each contain?
DEFINITION 37
Abdominal Cavity: containing the intestines, spleen, liver
and pancreas (superior or above the pelvic cavity)
Pelvic Cavity: containing the bladder, reproductive organs
and rectum (inferior or under the abdominal cavity)
TERM 38
Explain the homeostatic control system
DEFINITION 38 First, a stimulus or change occurs Second, a receptor detects the change and responds Third, input or information travels along the afferent pathway Fourth, the control center determines the set point , which is the level/range a variable is to be maintained Fifth, output flows along the efferent pathway Lastly, an effector provides feedback to reduce or enhance the effect of the stimuli, in order to return to homeostatic levels TERM 39
A polysaccharide is...
DEFINITION 39
Long chains of simple sugars linked together through
dehydration synthesis. Polysaccharides are very large, fairly
insoluble and lack sweetness. Two polysaccharides that are
of the most important to the body are starch (plants) and
glycogen (animals); both polymers of glucose.
TERM 40
Explain a positive feedback mechanism and
give 2 examples
DEFINITION 40
The result or response enhances the original stimulus, so
response is accelerated; has a cascading-waterfall effect.
*Typically used in labor contractions and blood-clotting.
*Rarely used to promote moment-to-moment well-being.
ADP when phosphorylated (introduction of a
phosphate group) becomes...
ATP
TERM 47
What is ATP?
DEFINITION 47 ATP is adenosine triphosphate and is chemical/cellular energy which is found in the phosphate bonds. ATP is the primary energy- transferring molecule in cells and it provides a form of energy that is immediately usable by all body cells. ATP is constructed of a phosphate group (usually 3, two + energy) and adenosine (compromised of adenine and ribose). ATP performs transport, mechanical and chemical work. ATP can form ADP (adenosine diphosphate) when a phosphate group is cleaved off and AMP (adenosine monophosphate) when another is cleaved off, the cycle then repeats back to ADP and ATP. TERM 48
Definitions of the 10 components of
homeostatic control: variable, receptor,
afferent pathway/input, control center/set
point, efferent pathway/output, effector and
response
DEFINITION 48 Variable: factor or event being regulated Receptor: a sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes (stimuli) Afferent Pathway and Input: information is sent along the afferent pathway to the control center Control Center and Set Point: control center determines the set point, which is the level or range at which a variable is to be maintained Efferent Pathway and Output: information is sent along the efferent pathway to effector Effector: provides the means for the control center's response (output) to the stimulus Response: the feedback from the effector to reduce or enhance the effect of the stimulus, returning the variable to homeostatic levels TERM 49
Describe Lipids (Oils) in
Detail
DEFINITION 49 Lipids are fats that are insoluble in water (only soluble in other fats or alcohol) (like dissolves like). Lipids are constructed by hydrogen, carbon and oxygen; but very little oxygen. Neutral fats are solid or liquid at room temperature. Fatty acids have a glycerol head with 3 fatty acid tails. Monounsaturated fats are the good fats and polyunsaturated fats are the bad fats. TERM 50
What is the name and function of these
various electrolytes: K, Ca2, Na1, Fe and P
DEFINITION 50 K is Potassium: cardiac functions and nerve impulses Ca2 is Calcium: the go signal for muscle contraction Na1 is Sodium: controls water movement (where salt goes, water follows) Fe is Iron: essential for the production of oxygen-carrying red blood cells (hemoglobin) P is Phosphorus: most abundant mineral in the body; works closely with calcium to build strong bones/teeth and is present in cells/tissues
What organs do the oral, digestive, orbital
and middle ear cavities contain?
Oral Cavity: mouth (teeth and tongue) Digestive Cavity: digestive organs, opening to the body exterior at anus Orbital Cavity: containing the eyes and presenting them in an anterior position Middle Ear Cavities: containing 3 tiny ear bones that transmit sound vibrations to the hearing receptors in the inner ear TERM 52
4 Organs in the Right Lumbar
Region
DEFINITION 52
Right Colon
Liver
Gallbladder
Ascending Colon of Small Intestine*
TERM 53
7 Organs in the Epigastric
Region
DEFINITION 53
Adrenal Glands
Spleen
Pancreas
Duodenum
Liver
Stomach*
Small Intestine
TERM 54
2 Organs in the Left Lumbar
Region
DEFINITION 54
Left Kidney
Descending Colon of Large Intestine*
TERM 55
5 Organs in the Left Hypochondriac
Region
DEFINITION 55
Pancreas
Left Kidney
Colon
Spleen*
Diaphragm*
