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Biology Notes: Proteins, Lipids, and Electrolytes, Quizzes of Nursing

Definitions, descriptions, and terms related to proteins, lipids, and electrolytes. Topics include the functions and structures of proteins, the differences between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, the structure and function of phospholipids, and the roles of various electrolytes in the body.

What you will learn

  • What is the role of structural proteins?
  • What are the four levels of protein structure and what do they entail?
  • What are some examples of functional/globular proteins and their functions?
  • What is the function of phospholipids?
  • What are the differences between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

Typology: Quizzes

2017/2018

Uploaded on 01/29/2018

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TERM 1
Differentiate between an organic compound
and an inorganic compound.
DEFINITION 1
An organic compound always contain s carbon. Organic compounds
contain carbon/hydrogen/oxygen/nit rogen/phosphorus, have
covalent bonds (share electrons) and are large/complex
molecules. Examples: carbohydrates , lipids, proteins and nucleic
acids. Inorganic compounds lack carb on atoms and are composed
of other elements (90-100). Inorganic compounds contain ionic
bonds (one element is negatively ch arged and one is positively
charged, held together by charge at traction-weak) and are
smaller/less complex. Examples: wate r, ammonia, calcium,
hydrogen sulfide and all metals.
TERM 2
7 examples of structural/fibrous proteins and
their functions.
DEFINITION 2
Collagen: tensile strength of bones, tendons /ligaments (connective/support
tissues)
Keratin: structural protein of hair/nails and wat er-resistant material of skin
Elastin: found along with collagen, in ligame nts that bind bones together
providing durability/flexibility) (ears and face) (sm ile)
Spectrin: internally reinforces/stabilizes the pl asma membrane of cells (red
blood cells)
Dystrophin: reinforces/stablizes the plasma m embrane of muscle cells
Titin: accounts for elasticity of skeletal muscl es
Actin and Myosin: contractile proteins, causes muscle shortening
(contraction), cell division and intracellular tran sport in nerve cells (muscle
tone and strength)
TERM 3
What is the single most abundant substance
of the body accounting for 60-80% of body
weight?
DEFINITION 3
Water, H2O
TERM 4
Describe a structural/fibrous protein
DEFINITION 4
A structural protein is a fibrous protein that confers structure.
Structural proteins are extended and strand-like. Some exhibit
only secondary structures (primary c hain forming spirals/sheets),
but most have tertiary structure (spi rals or sheets are folded upon
one another) or even quaternary str ucture (two or more
polypeptide chains combining). Fibrous proteins provide structural
framework/mechanical support and movement. Fibrous proteins
are very stable.
TERM 5
Describe DNA in terms of nucleotide and
structure
DEFINITION 5
DNA is found in the nucleus (control c enter) of the cell, where it
constitutes genetic material (genes ) (genome). DNA replicates
(reproduces) itself before a cell divide s, ensuring genetic
information is identical and provides ba sic instructions for building
every protein in the body. DNA is a do uble strand coiled into a
double helix(alpha-helix) and it's sugar is deoxyribose. DNA's
bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine.
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Differentiate between an organic compound

and an inorganic compound.

An organic compound always contains carbon. Organic compounds contain carbon/hydrogen/oxygen/nitrogen/phosphorus, have covalent bonds (share electrons) and are large/complex molecules. Examples: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. Inorganic compounds lack carbon atoms and are composed of other elements (90-100). Inorganic compounds contain ionic bonds (one element is negatively charged and one is positively charged, held together by charge attraction-weak) and are smaller/less complex. Examples: water, ammonia, calcium, hydrogen sulfide and all metals. TERM 2

7 examples of structural/fibrous proteins and

their functions.

DEFINITION 2 Collagen: tensile strength of bones, tendons/ligaments (connective/support tissues) Keratin: structural protein of hair/nails and water-resistant material of skin Elastin: found along with collagen, in ligaments that bind bones together providing durability/flexibility) (ears and face) (smile) Spectrin: internally reinforces/stabilizes the plasma membrane of cells (red blood cells) Dystrophin: reinforces/stablizes the plasma membrane of muscle cells Titin: accounts for elasticity of skeletal muscles Actin and Myosin: contractile proteins, causes muscle shortening (contraction), cell division and intracellular transport in nerve cells (muscle tone and strength) TERM 3

What is the single most abundant substance

of the body accounting for 60-80% of body

weight?

DEFINITION 3

Water, H2O

TERM 4

Describe a structural/fibrous protein

DEFINITION 4 A structural protein is a fibrous protein that confers structure. Structural proteins are extended and strand-like. Some exhibit only secondary structures (primary chain forming spirals/sheets), but most have tertiary structure (spirals or sheets are folded upon one another) or even quaternary structure (two or more polypeptide chains combining). Fibrous proteins provide structural framework/mechanical support and movement. Fibrous proteins are very stable. TERM 5

Describe DNA in terms of nucleotide and

structure

DEFINITION 5 DNA is found in the nucleus (control center) of the cell, where it constitutes genetic material (genes) (genome). DNA replicates (reproduces) itself before a cell divides, ensuring genetic information is identical and provides basic instructions for building every protein in the body. DNA is a double strand coiled into a double helix(alpha-helix) and it's sugar is deoxyribose. DNA's bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine.

What are proteins? Give 2

examples

Proteins are complex molecules made up of amino acids. 10-30% of a cell is protein, the rest is water. All cells are made up of proteins and all cells are protein factories. The construction of a protein is carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur. Proteins are macromolecules (along with carbohydrates and lipids). Two examples of proteins are hemoglobin and contractile proteins. * polypeptides make a protein! TERM 7

Electrolyte

DEFINITION 7

Substances which when dissolved in water, break up into

cations (positively-charged ions) and anions (negatively-

charged ions). *Electrolytes ionize!

TERM 8

Describe the differences between saturated

and unsaturated fatty acids

DEFINITION 8 Saturated means each carbon is surrounded by a hydrogen with single bonds (each carbon is saturated in hydrogen) and unsaturated means the chain is missing at least two hydrogen bonds; also double bonded between carbons. The double bond causes a kink in the chain, so it can't form a solid because the molecules can't lay on top of each other and coagulate (they slide past one another). A saturated fat is liquid at room temperature. TERM 9

Describe a phospholipid (the hydrophobic and

hydrophyilic parts) and it's function

DEFINITION 9 Phospholipids are modified triglycerides containing a phosphate (phosphorus) head and two fatty acid tails. The head is hydrophyilic (love of water) (water draws close to the head) and the tail is hydrophobic (fear of water) (water repels from the tail). Phospholipids are found in cell membranes as excellent barriers, keeping water in or out of the cell. TERM 10

Describe a functional/globular

protein

DEFINITION 10 Functional proteins are globular proteins that are compact and spherical. Functional proteins are water-soluble, chemically active and crucial in most biological processes (functions). Functional proteins have at least tertiary structure, but some also exhibit quaternary structure. Functional proteins assist in transport/body defense, protein management, the regulation of pH/metabolism, help provide immunity, regulate growth/development and some act as catalysts. Globular proteins aren't very stable.

What is protein denaturing?

Protein denaturing is the unfolding of proteins (the loss of

fold) through heat or changes in pH levels. Reversible to

some extent, but in cases of extreme heat/pH; denaturing is

irreversible. The physiological role of a protein is lost when

denatured. *Remember albumen in eggs!

TERM 17

What are co-enzymes?

DEFINITION 17

A co-enzyme is necessary for the functioning of an enzyme

and is the co-factor of holoenzymes (an enzyme consisting of

two parts; an apoenzyme and a co-factor), if the co-factor is

organic/derived from vitamins (B-complex vitamins)

TERM 18

What is glycogen and where is it

stored?

DEFINITION 18

Glycogen is a polysaccharide and is the storage carbohydrate

of animal tissues, stored primarily in muscles and the liver.

Glycogen is a very large molecule and is broken down when

blood sugar levels drop sharply.

TERM 19

What is a carbohydrate?

DEFINITION 19

Carbohydrates are sugars/starches. Carbohydrates contain

hydrogen, carbon and oxygen; with hydrogen and oxygen in

a 2:1 ratio. Carbohydrates are classified by size and

solubility. Carbohydrates represent 1-2% of cell mass.

TERM 20

What is glucose and what is it's

importance?

DEFINITION 20

Glucose is a blood sugar; a simple sugar that is an important

energy source. Glucose is needed as an energy source for all

the cells and organs of the body.

pH scale: What's an acid/base and what

determines each one?

Acids are in the 0-7 range and contain more hydrogen ions. Acids are determined by the concentration of hydrogen (high concentration), have a sour taste and react with metals to produce hydrogen gas. An acid can donate a proton or accept an electron. Bases are in the 7-14 range and contain more hydroxyl ions. Bases have a low concentration of hydrogen ions, are alkaline, have a bitter taste and a slippery feel. A base donates electrons or accepts protons. TERM 22

3 Organs in the Hypogastric (Pubic)

Region

DEFINITION 22

Female Reproductive Organs

Sigmoid Colon

Urinary Bladder*

TERM 23

4 Organs in the Right Hypochondriac

Region

DEFINITION 23

Small Intestine

Right Kidney

Liver*

Gallbladder*

TERM 24

Explain what is stored in chemical bonds and

what occurs when the bonds are broken

DEFINITION 24

Chemical energy is stored in chemical bonds and when these

bonds are broken, energy is released.

TERM 25

What influences the rate of a chemical

reaction and how?

DEFINITION 25 Catalysts influence the rate of chemical reactions (globular proteins acting as catalysts) by absorbing activation energy. The activation energy is needed to alter the bonds of the reactants so that they can be rearranged to become the product. Kinetic energy pushes the reactants to an energy level where random collisions are forceful enough to ensure interaction.

What are the major ions inside and outside of

the cell?

Sodium, which is abundant outside of the cell & Potassium,

which is abundant inside the cell

TERM 32

How are proteins synthesized?

DEFINITION 32

Proteins are synthesized through the joining of atoms in

amino acids by dehydration synthesis

TERM 33

Synovial Cavity

DEFINITION 33

A joint cavity (synovial joint)

TERM 34

What two larger cavities is the ventral body

cavity divided into?

DEFINITION 34

The thoracic (found under the ventral cavity and superior or

above the abdominopelvic cavity) and abdominopelvic cavity

(below or inferior to the thoracic cavity)

TERM 35

What two smaller cavities are within the

dorsal cavity and what organ do they each

contain?

DEFINITION 35

Cranial Cavity: brain

Vertebral Cavity: spinal cord

What is a molecular chaperone and what do

they do?

A molecular chaperone is a functional globular protein that all proteins have, it makes sure everything goes the way it should and the job gets done. The chaperone aids in the prevention of premature or accidental unfolding and in the function of proteins. The chaperone also moves the protein in or out of the cell, depending on where it needs to go. The chaperone will also attempt to fix any unfolding, but if it's not possible then it will breakdown damaged proteins to recycle the amino acids. TERM 37

What 2 smaller cavities is the abdominopelvic

cavity divided into and what organs do they

each contain?

DEFINITION 37

Abdominal Cavity: containing the intestines, spleen, liver

and pancreas (superior or above the pelvic cavity)

Pelvic Cavity: containing the bladder, reproductive organs

and rectum (inferior or under the abdominal cavity)

TERM 38

Explain the homeostatic control system

DEFINITION 38 First, a stimulus or change occurs Second, a receptor detects the change and responds Third, input or information travels along the afferent pathway Fourth, the control center determines the set point , which is the level/range a variable is to be maintained Fifth, output flows along the efferent pathway Lastly, an effector provides feedback to reduce or enhance the effect of the stimuli, in order to return to homeostatic levels TERM 39

A polysaccharide is...

DEFINITION 39

Long chains of simple sugars linked together through

dehydration synthesis. Polysaccharides are very large, fairly

insoluble and lack sweetness. Two polysaccharides that are

of the most important to the body are starch (plants) and

glycogen (animals); both polymers of glucose.

TERM 40

Explain a positive feedback mechanism and

give 2 examples

DEFINITION 40

The result or response enhances the original stimulus, so

response is accelerated; has a cascading-waterfall effect.

*Typically used in labor contractions and blood-clotting.

*Rarely used to promote moment-to-moment well-being.

ADP when phosphorylated (introduction of a

phosphate group) becomes...

ATP

TERM 47

What is ATP?

DEFINITION 47 ATP is adenosine triphosphate and is chemical/cellular energy which is found in the phosphate bonds. ATP is the primary energy- transferring molecule in cells and it provides a form of energy that is immediately usable by all body cells. ATP is constructed of a phosphate group (usually 3, two + energy) and adenosine (compromised of adenine and ribose). ATP performs transport, mechanical and chemical work. ATP can form ADP (adenosine diphosphate) when a phosphate group is cleaved off and AMP (adenosine monophosphate) when another is cleaved off, the cycle then repeats back to ADP and ATP. TERM 48

Definitions of the 10 components of

homeostatic control: variable, receptor,

afferent pathway/input, control center/set

point, efferent pathway/output, effector and

response

DEFINITION 48 Variable: factor or event being regulated Receptor: a sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes (stimuli) Afferent Pathway and Input: information is sent along the afferent pathway to the control center Control Center and Set Point: control center determines the set point, which is the level or range at which a variable is to be maintained Efferent Pathway and Output: information is sent along the efferent pathway to effector Effector: provides the means for the control center's response (output) to the stimulus Response: the feedback from the effector to reduce or enhance the effect of the stimulus, returning the variable to homeostatic levels TERM 49

Describe Lipids (Oils) in

Detail

DEFINITION 49 Lipids are fats that are insoluble in water (only soluble in other fats or alcohol) (like dissolves like). Lipids are constructed by hydrogen, carbon and oxygen; but very little oxygen. Neutral fats are solid or liquid at room temperature. Fatty acids have a glycerol head with 3 fatty acid tails. Monounsaturated fats are the good fats and polyunsaturated fats are the bad fats. TERM 50

What is the name and function of these

various electrolytes: K, Ca2, Na1, Fe and P

DEFINITION 50 K is Potassium: cardiac functions and nerve impulses Ca2 is Calcium: the go signal for muscle contraction Na1 is Sodium: controls water movement (where salt goes, water follows) Fe is Iron: essential for the production of oxygen-carrying red blood cells (hemoglobin) P is Phosphorus: most abundant mineral in the body; works closely with calcium to build strong bones/teeth and is present in cells/tissues

What organs do the oral, digestive, orbital

and middle ear cavities contain?

Oral Cavity: mouth (teeth and tongue) Digestive Cavity: digestive organs, opening to the body exterior at anus Orbital Cavity: containing the eyes and presenting them in an anterior position Middle Ear Cavities: containing 3 tiny ear bones that transmit sound vibrations to the hearing receptors in the inner ear TERM 52

4 Organs in the Right Lumbar

Region

DEFINITION 52

Right Colon

Liver

Gallbladder

Ascending Colon of Small Intestine*

TERM 53

7 Organs in the Epigastric

Region

DEFINITION 53

Adrenal Glands

Spleen

Pancreas

Duodenum

Liver

Stomach*

Small Intestine

TERM 54

2 Organs in the Left Lumbar

Region

DEFINITION 54

Left Kidney

Descending Colon of Large Intestine*

TERM 55

5 Organs in the Left Hypochondriac

Region

DEFINITION 55

Pancreas

Left Kidney

Colon

Spleen*

Diaphragm*