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Definitions, descriptions, and terms related to proteins, lipids, and electrolytes. Topics include the functions and structures of proteins, the differences between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, the structure and function of phospholipids, and the roles of various electrolytes in the body.
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An organic compound always contains carbon. Organic compounds contain carbon/hydrogen/oxygen/nitrogen/phosphorus, have covalent bonds (share electrons) and are large/complex molecules. Examples: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. Inorganic compounds lack carbon atoms and are composed of other elements (90-100). Inorganic compounds contain ionic bonds (one element is negatively charged and one is positively charged, held together by charge attraction-weak) and are smaller/less complex. Examples: water, ammonia, calcium, hydrogen sulfide and all metals. TERM 2
DEFINITION 2 Collagen: tensile strength of bones, tendons/ligaments (connective/support tissues) Keratin: structural protein of hair/nails and water-resistant material of skin Elastin: found along with collagen, in ligaments that bind bones together providing durability/flexibility) (ears and face) (smile) Spectrin: internally reinforces/stabilizes the plasma membrane of cells (red blood cells) Dystrophin: reinforces/stablizes the plasma membrane of muscle cells Titin: accounts for elasticity of skeletal muscles Actin and Myosin: contractile proteins, causes muscle shortening (contraction), cell division and intracellular transport in nerve cells (muscle tone and strength) TERM 3
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DEFINITION 4 A structural protein is a fibrous protein that confers structure. Structural proteins are extended and strand-like. Some exhibit only secondary structures (primary chain forming spirals/sheets), but most have tertiary structure (spirals or sheets are folded upon one another) or even quaternary structure (two or more polypeptide chains combining). Fibrous proteins provide structural framework/mechanical support and movement. Fibrous proteins are very stable. TERM 5
DEFINITION 5 DNA is found in the nucleus (control center) of the cell, where it constitutes genetic material (genes) (genome). DNA replicates (reproduces) itself before a cell divides, ensuring genetic information is identical and provides basic instructions for building every protein in the body. DNA is a double strand coiled into a double helix(alpha-helix) and it's sugar is deoxyribose. DNA's bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine.
Proteins are complex molecules made up of amino acids. 10-30% of a cell is protein, the rest is water. All cells are made up of proteins and all cells are protein factories. The construction of a protein is carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur. Proteins are macromolecules (along with carbohydrates and lipids). Two examples of proteins are hemoglobin and contractile proteins. * polypeptides make a protein! TERM 7
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DEFINITION 8 Saturated means each carbon is surrounded by a hydrogen with single bonds (each carbon is saturated in hydrogen) and unsaturated means the chain is missing at least two hydrogen bonds; also double bonded between carbons. The double bond causes a kink in the chain, so it can't form a solid because the molecules can't lay on top of each other and coagulate (they slide past one another). A saturated fat is liquid at room temperature. TERM 9
DEFINITION 9 Phospholipids are modified triglycerides containing a phosphate (phosphorus) head and two fatty acid tails. The head is hydrophyilic (love of water) (water draws close to the head) and the tail is hydrophobic (fear of water) (water repels from the tail). Phospholipids are found in cell membranes as excellent barriers, keeping water in or out of the cell. TERM 10
DEFINITION 10 Functional proteins are globular proteins that are compact and spherical. Functional proteins are water-soluble, chemically active and crucial in most biological processes (functions). Functional proteins have at least tertiary structure, but some also exhibit quaternary structure. Functional proteins assist in transport/body defense, protein management, the regulation of pH/metabolism, help provide immunity, regulate growth/development and some act as catalysts. Globular proteins aren't very stable.
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Acids are in the 0-7 range and contain more hydrogen ions. Acids are determined by the concentration of hydrogen (high concentration), have a sour taste and react with metals to produce hydrogen gas. An acid can donate a proton or accept an electron. Bases are in the 7-14 range and contain more hydroxyl ions. Bases have a low concentration of hydrogen ions, are alkaline, have a bitter taste and a slippery feel. A base donates electrons or accepts protons. TERM 22
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DEFINITION 25 Catalysts influence the rate of chemical reactions (globular proteins acting as catalysts) by absorbing activation energy. The activation energy is needed to alter the bonds of the reactants so that they can be rearranged to become the product. Kinetic energy pushes the reactants to an energy level where random collisions are forceful enough to ensure interaction.
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A molecular chaperone is a functional globular protein that all proteins have, it makes sure everything goes the way it should and the job gets done. The chaperone aids in the prevention of premature or accidental unfolding and in the function of proteins. The chaperone also moves the protein in or out of the cell, depending on where it needs to go. The chaperone will also attempt to fix any unfolding, but if it's not possible then it will breakdown damaged proteins to recycle the amino acids. TERM 37
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DEFINITION 38 First, a stimulus or change occurs Second, a receptor detects the change and responds Third, input or information travels along the afferent pathway Fourth, the control center determines the set point , which is the level/range a variable is to be maintained Fifth, output flows along the efferent pathway Lastly, an effector provides feedback to reduce or enhance the effect of the stimuli, in order to return to homeostatic levels TERM 39
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DEFINITION 47 ATP is adenosine triphosphate and is chemical/cellular energy which is found in the phosphate bonds. ATP is the primary energy- transferring molecule in cells and it provides a form of energy that is immediately usable by all body cells. ATP is constructed of a phosphate group (usually 3, two + energy) and adenosine (compromised of adenine and ribose). ATP performs transport, mechanical and chemical work. ATP can form ADP (adenosine diphosphate) when a phosphate group is cleaved off and AMP (adenosine monophosphate) when another is cleaved off, the cycle then repeats back to ADP and ATP. TERM 48
DEFINITION 48 Variable: factor or event being regulated Receptor: a sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes (stimuli) Afferent Pathway and Input: information is sent along the afferent pathway to the control center Control Center and Set Point: control center determines the set point, which is the level or range at which a variable is to be maintained Efferent Pathway and Output: information is sent along the efferent pathway to effector Effector: provides the means for the control center's response (output) to the stimulus Response: the feedback from the effector to reduce or enhance the effect of the stimulus, returning the variable to homeostatic levels TERM 49
DEFINITION 49 Lipids are fats that are insoluble in water (only soluble in other fats or alcohol) (like dissolves like). Lipids are constructed by hydrogen, carbon and oxygen; but very little oxygen. Neutral fats are solid or liquid at room temperature. Fatty acids have a glycerol head with 3 fatty acid tails. Monounsaturated fats are the good fats and polyunsaturated fats are the bad fats. TERM 50
DEFINITION 50 K is Potassium: cardiac functions and nerve impulses Ca2 is Calcium: the go signal for muscle contraction Na1 is Sodium: controls water movement (where salt goes, water follows) Fe is Iron: essential for the production of oxygen-carrying red blood cells (hemoglobin) P is Phosphorus: most abundant mineral in the body; works closely with calcium to build strong bones/teeth and is present in cells/tissues
Oral Cavity: mouth (teeth and tongue) Digestive Cavity: digestive organs, opening to the body exterior at anus Orbital Cavity: containing the eyes and presenting them in an anterior position Middle Ear Cavities: containing 3 tiny ear bones that transmit sound vibrations to the hearing receptors in the inner ear TERM 52
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