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A Brief History of Microbiology - Lecture Slides | BIOL 240, Study notes of Microbiology

Material Type: Notes; Professor: Thomson; Class: General Microbiology; Subject: Biology; University: San Mateo County Community College District Office; Term: Unknown 1989;

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Uploaded on 08/16/2009

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Slide 1
A Brief History of Microbiology
Lecture 2
Slide 2
Biol 240 S06 2
Learning Outcomes
Classification of microorganisms
A Brief History of Microbiology
Spontaneous generation
Germ Theory of Disease
Applications of microbes
Infectious Diseases
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Slide 1

A Brief History of Microbiology

Lecture 2

Slide 2

Biol 240 S

Learning Outcomes

•^

Classification of microorganisms

•^

A Brief History of Microbiology

•^

Spontaneous generation

•^

Germ Theory of Disease

•^

Applications of microbes

•^

Infectious Diseases

Slide 3

Biol 240 S

3

Microorganisms

  • Organisms too small to be seen with the

unaided eye.

  • “Germ”
    • informal– Any disease causing microorganism
      • Ecological roles• Industrial applications• Pathogens• Knowledge of Microorganisms

Slide 4

Biol 240 S

Diversity of Life

-^

Pre Carl Woese–

life was classified into5 Kingdoms based onobservable differences(macroscopic)

-^

Plants, Fungi, Animals,Protista, and Monera(bacteria)

-^

1978 Woese created 3‘Domain’ System basedupon fundamentaldifferences betweencells–

Bacteria

-^

Archaea

-^

Eukarya

-^

Viruses

List and briefly describe 5 different types of organisms that are generally referred to as‘microbes’? Name the 3 domains of life identified by Carl Woese in 1978. What characteristics didhe use (and are still used today) to distinguish the three domains?Explain why viruses are not classified in any of the same categories as any of the othergroups of microbes. Are viruses living or non-living?

Slide 7

Biol 240 S

7

Spontaneous Generation Controversy

  • 150 years ago

believed thatmicroorganismssprang from food

  • Life from non-Life• Also toads ‘born’

from moist soil

Compare the theory of spontaneous generation, and the theory of biogenesis. Whichtheory was supported by the research of Francesco Redi?

Slide 8

Biol 240 S

• 1668: filled six jars with decaying meat.

Francesco Redi

From where did the maggots come?What was the purpose of the sealed jars?S

pontaneous generation or biogenesis?

Maggots appeared

3 open jars

No maggots

3 jars covered withfine net

Results

Conditions

Compare the theory of spontaneous generation, and the theory of biogenesis. Whichtheory was supported by the research of Francesco Redi?

Slide 9

Biol 240 S

9

• 1745: put boiled nutrient broth into

covered flasks.

John Needham

From where did the microbes come?S

pontaneous generation or biogenesis?

Microbial growth

Nutrient brothheated, then placed insealed flask

Results

Conditions

Slide 10

Biol 240 S

10

• Pasteur’s S-shaped flask kept microbes

out but let air in.

• Biogenesis life can only come from life

The Theory of Biogenesis

Figure 1.

Briefly explain how Louis Pasteur’s experiments disproved the prevailing theory ofspontaneous generation. Illustrate your answer with a diagram of his experimental setup.

Slide 13

Biol 240 S

13

Koch’s Postulates

-^

The same pathogen must bepresent in every case of thedisease

-^

The pathogen must be isolatedfrom the diseased host andgrown in pure culture

-^

The pathogen from the pureculture must cause the diseasewhen it is inoculated into ahealthy, susceptible animal

-^

The pathogen must be isolatedfrom the inoculated animal andmust be shown to be theoriginal organism

How did Robert Koch contribute to our understanding of what factors cause diseases?

Slide 14

Biol 240 S

Exceptions to Koch’s Postulates

• Organism can’t be

cultured– e.g.

Mycobacterium

leprae

• Combination of

pathogens

• Ethical considerations

.

Slide 15

Biol 240 S

15

Semmelweis

www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/ j/e/jel5/micro/art.htm

Discuss the hypothesis developed by Ignaz Semmelweis following observations madewhile working in an obstetrics ward in 19th century Austria. Describe how he tested hishypothesis and how these insights are still in use today.

Slide 16

Biol 240 S

16

Joseph Lister

Lister

pw1.netcom.com/~aguldo/ agga/bt/txt/bt1899.htm

www.umanitoba.ca/.../medicine/ history/lister/anessurg.html

Discuss how Joseph Lister applied germ theory to medical procedures and how hisinsights are still used in medicine today.

Slide 19

Biol 240 S

19

Alexander

Fleming

•^

Culture plates ofStaphylococcusaureus“contaminated” bymold

•^

Noticed halo ofinhibition ofbacterial growth

-^

Mold

Penicillium

notatum

•^

Inhibition due toPenicillin

Briefly describe how Alexander Fleming ‘discovered’ Penicillin, and how did herecognize it as an antibiotic.

Slide 20

Biol 240 S

Normal Microbiota

  • Human body has

10x more bacteriathan human cells

  • Bacteria residents

in large intestine,mouth, skin,nose/throat

  • Perform important

biological functions

What is your normal microbiota, and describe how we benefit from their presence in andon our bodies.

Slide 21

Biol 240 S

21

Health and Disease

-^

Health

-^

Balance betweenmicrobial populationand microbialpopulations

-^

Disease

-^

Imbalance

-^

Immune system andnormal microbiotaoverwhelmed bypathogens

What is the distinction between health and disease?

Slide 22

Biol 240 S

The ImmuneSystem and

Diseases

  • Immune system has

evolved over millionsof years to protectus from diseases– Viruses, bacteria,

parasites, fungi

  • HIV (Human

ImmunodeficiencyVirus) attacks HumanImmune System– CD4 Helper T cells

Explain the connection between HIV and AIDS.