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A series of questions and answers related to anatomy and physiology, covering topics such as anatomical terminology, body cavities, serous membranes, feedback mechanisms, and various imaging techniques like ct, pet, and mri. It also includes questions on the chemical basis of life, including water properties, acids, bases, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Additionally, it covers cell theory, protein structure, plasma membrane components, cell junctions, and transport mechanisms. This material is useful for students studying introductory anatomy and physiology, providing a concise review of key concepts and definitions. It serves as a valuable resource for exam preparation and understanding fundamental principles in the field. Structured as a quiz, with questions followed by their corresponding answers, making it easy to test knowledge and reinforce learning.
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Quiz____? anatomy - Answer✓✓ the study of form and structure Quiz____? physiology - Answer✓✓ the study of body functions Quiz____? anatomical position - Answer✓✓ means that the upper body is standing erect, face forward, with the upper limbs at the side and the palms forward. Quiz____? homeostasis - Answer✓✓
a state of balance in which the body's internal environment remains in the normal range Quiz____? anterior/ventral - Answer✓✓ pertaining to the front Quiz____? posterior/dorsal - Answer✓✓ toward the back Quiz____? superior - Answer✓✓ a body part that is above another part or is closer to the head Quiz____? inferior - Answer✓✓ below another body part or towards the feet
Quiz____? Transverse plane - Answer✓✓ runs horizontally from right to left, dividing the body into superiour and inferior parts Quiz____? Sagittal Plane - Answer✓✓ a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts Quiz____? negative feedback mechanism - Answer✓✓ a mechanism activated by an imbalance that corrects the imbalance Quiz____? Cranial Cavity - Answer✓✓ in the skill, encases the brain Quiz____?
Vertebral/Spinal Cavity - Answer✓✓ runs within the bony vertebral column, encloses the delicate spinal cord Quiz____? Thoracic Cavity - Answer✓✓ surrounded by the ribs and muscles of the chest, contains heart and lungs Quiz____? Abdominal Cavity - Answer✓✓ contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver and other organs Quiz____? Abdominopelvic Cavity - Answer✓✓ contains the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity Quiz____? Pelvic Cavity - Answer✓✓
PET/positron emission tomography - Answer✓✓ Excels in observing metabolic processes. The patient is given an injection of radioisotopes tagged to biological molecules (such as glucose) and then placed in the scanner. As the radioisotopes are absorbed by the most active brain cells, high-energy gamma rays are produced. The computer analyzes the gamma rays and produces a live-action picture of the brains biochemical activity in vivid colors. Greatest value has been its ability to provide insight into the brain activity of people with mental illness, stroke, Alzheimer's, etc. Quiz____? MRI/magnetic resonance imaging - Answer✓✓ Produces high-contrast images of our soft tissues. Primarily maps the body's content of hydrogen, most of which is in water. It distinguishes body tissues based on their water content, so it can differentiate between the fatty white matter and the more watery gray matter of the brain. Particularly good at detecting tumors and degenerative deseases. Also, multiple sclerosis plaques are dazzlingly clear. This technique subjects the body to magnetic fields up to 60,000 times stronger than that of the earth to pry information from the body's molecules. Quiz____? Water - Answer✓✓ Most abundant and important inorganic compound in living material. Makes up 60-80% of the volume of most living cells.
Quiz____? Properties of Water - Answer✓✓
Quiz____? Nucleic acids - Answer✓✓ are DNA and RNA; these are made up of nucleotides. Nucleotides consists of a phosphate, a pentose sugar and a nitrogeneous base. Quiz____? Organic compounds essential for life - Answer✓✓
Answer✓✓ compact, spherical proteins that have at least tertiary structure; also known as functional proteins Quiz____? Enzymes - Answer✓✓ biological catalysts, they are proteins. named according to their functions and their subtrates; name ends in -ase. Quiz____? Chaperones - Answer✓✓ help proteins to achieve their functional three-dimensional structure Quiz____? Double helix - Answer✓✓ a molecule coiled into a spiral staircase like structure Quiz____? ATP (adenosine triphosphate) - Answer✓✓
Quiz____? phospholipid bilayer - Answer✓✓ double layer of phospholipids that makes up plasma and organelle membranes Quiz____? Integral proteins - Answer✓✓ Firmly inserted into the lipid bilayer. Most are transmembrane proteins that span the entire width of the membrane and protrude on both sides Quiz____? Peripheral proteins - Answer✓✓ Not embedded in the lipid. Attach loosely only to integral proteins and are easily removed without disrupting the membrane Quiz____? Glycocalyx - Answer✓✓ Sugar coat. The fuzzy, sticky, carbohydrate-rich area at the cell surface.
Quiz____? Tight junction - Answer✓✓ a series of integral protein molecules in the plasma membranes of adjacent cells fuse together, forming an impermeable junction that encircles the cell Quiz____? Desmosomes - Answer✓✓ Anchoring junctions. Mechanical couplings scattered like rivets along the sides of abutting cells that prevent their separation Quiz____? Gap junction - Answer✓✓ A communicating junction between adjacent cells. The adjacent plasma membranes are very close, and the cells are connected by hollow cylinders called connexons Quiz____? Mucus membrane - Answer✓✓
Answer✓✓ water-specific channels constructed by transmembrane proteins Quiz____? Passive transport through plasma - Answer✓✓ diffusion and filtration are the two main types. Also performed using kinetic energy Quiz____? Active transport through plasma - Answer✓✓ Requires carrier proteins that combine specifically and reversibly with he transport substances. Performed using ATP energy. Quiz____? Smaller units of DNA and RNA - Answer✓✓ Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G) and Uracil (U) Quiz____? DNA - Answer✓✓
located in the nucleus (control center) of the cell; constitutes the genetic material, genes. Has two fundamental roles: reproduces itself before a cell divides and it provides the basic instructions for building every protein in the body. Only A,T,C and G are present Quiz____? RNA - Answer✓✓ located chiefly outside the nucleus and can be considered a "molecular slave" of DNA; carries out the orders for protein synthesis issued by DNA. Are single strands of nucleotides. Contain A,G,C and U Quiz____? Functions of enzymes - Answer✓✓ biological catalysts. Speed up and regulate biochemical reactions, but are not used up or changed. Quiz____? ATP Structure - Answer✓✓ is an adenine containing RNA nucleotide, to which 2 additional phosphate groups have been added
Quiz____? hypotonic - Answer✓✓ solutions that are more dilute than cells. (Causes cells to plump up rapidly as water rushes into them) Quiz____? membrane potential - Answer✓✓ voltage across the membrane Quiz____? G protein functions in membrane - Answer✓✓ act as a middleman or relays between extracellular first messengers and intracellular second messengers that cause responses in the cell Quiz____? Cytoplasmic organelles - Answer✓✓ specialized cellular compartments, each performing its own job to maintain the life of the cell.
Quiz____? cytoplasm - Answer✓✓ surrounds the nucleus and is contained by the cell membrane Quiz____? mitochondria - Answer✓✓ Threadlike or lozenge-shaped membranous organelles. In living cells, they squirm, elongate, and change shape almost continuously. They encode information for making a few kinds of proteins, "powerhouse" of the cells Quiz____? ribosomes - Answer✓✓ Small, dark-staining granules composed of proteins and RNA. Each has two globular subunits that fit together like the body and cap of an acorn. Its job is to make proteins Quiz____? Endoplasmic Reticulum - Answer✓✓ An extensive system of interconnected tubes and parallel membranes enclosing fluid-filled cavities. Coiling and twisting though the cytosol, it is continuous with the nuclear membrane and accounts for about half of the cell's membranes. Its
