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790 QUIZE 1 ACTUAL EXAM NEWEST VERSION - 2025/2026-
WITH 100+ QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS (100%
SUCCESS)
Empiricism the idea that knowledge is based on observations and study. Data (not intuition or authority) are collected to reach conclusions. 2/3 of the papers we use for our project will be ______. empirical articles Goals of Social/Behavioral Science:
- Describe (the behavior)
- Predict (the behavior)
- Determine the mechanisms (of the behavior)
- Understand and explain (a behavior)
- Treatment (of behavior) What is Research?
- The main tool of science, the process of discovering and developing systematized knowledge
- Method of inquiry for unsolved or unknown problems Research is the application of the... scientific method or approach The scientific method is a _____ process. cyclical The Scientific Method Cycle:
- Identify and Refine Research Question
- Formulate Hypothesis
- Choose Research Design to Test Hypothesis
- Find/Develop Methods to Measure Variables
- Sampling/Recruiting Participants
- Gather Data
- Analyze Data/Test Hypothesis
- Prepare Research Report Back to 1.
authors don't know who the reviewers are, but reviewers know who the authors are Examples of peer-reviewed journals: Nature, Science., NeuroImage, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Psychological Bulletin, JSLHR Journal articles include ________, _______, and _________. Empirical reports, review articles, and meta-analyses. Empirical report new research; anything that collects data Review article summary of previous research Meta-analysis statistical summary of previous research; can make giant, more general/broad claims since so much information is gathered from various papers/studies.
Empirical reports (as opposed to literature reviews or non-peer reviewed articles) virtually always have _______ and ______ sections. Method and Results; An article is an empirical article if there is a methods and results sections. Research databases and references are good sources for finding relevant sources. Name a few. PsycINFO, PubMed Google Scholar References (from an empirical article) Citing Sources Research questions may consider _________ of a ________. different aspects of a variable Examples of how research questions may consider different aspects of a variable.
- How frequent is the behavior or characteristic?
- What types of people might exhibit more or less of the behavior or characteristic?
- What types of situations might elicit more or less of the behavior or characteristic?
- What are some possible causes of the behavior or characteristic?
factors in time and money FINER: Interesting interesting to investigator, other researchers, the community FINER: Novel extends or improves on past research are we inching further? Or are we covering more ground. The more novel the more _______ being made; however, cannot be too novel or else it is not _______. progress; feasible FINER: Ethical acceptable to ethical review board FINER: Relevant
has practical implications We can develop our research question into a ______. hypothesis theory coherent explanation or interpretation of one or more phenomena Hypothesis specific prediction about a new phenomenon that should be observed if a particular theory is accurate Deductive reasoning (deduction) results are predicted based on a general premise
- If [theory] is true, then I should observe [evidence]. Inductive reasoning (induction) conclusions are drawn from observations
Usually, associate editors have a ______. specific expertise For every paper you submit, you should review ____ papers. 3; because it took 3 people to review yours If your paper is rejected from one journal, can you submit it to a different one? Yes T/F: You can submit a paper to several journals at the same time. False A review must _________; if not, garbage can be published. carefully read and analyze a paper and provide helpful comments/feedback The guts of a lit review:
- the distinction between literature review and review paper
- what is the overall argument to set up?
- should be a funnel (general to specific)
- how exhaustive? What is the difference between a lit review and a review paper?
- Lit reviews are synthesizing relevant information for the background of an article; while
- Review papers synthesis a bunch of papers on a research topic Lit reviews are generally the _______ of a paper introduction Lit reviews in the introduction set up the... overall argument you should know what points the author will be making/what questions they will be answering How exhaustive should a lit review be? •As much as you need to be. •Varies by publication outlet •For a journal by ASHA, you don't need to describe DLD because SLPs (the target audience) should know what that is
- Ethical treatment of Research Participants
- Compliance
- Honesty
- Research Misconduct
- Supervision Controversial examples of unethical research
- Medical experimentation without consent on prisoners in the Nazi concentration camps
- Scientists/doctors trying drugs on family members or children
- In 1940, 400 Chicago prisoners were infected with malaria to study the disease and new drugs
- In 1942, the gov'n tested mustard gas on 4,000 US servicemen Tuskegee Trials
- Study of Syphilis on African American males in Tuskegee, Alabama
- Withheld treatment from 1932-1972 (penicillin was used in 1947)
- Study of the progression/effects of syphilis The Tuskegee Trials researchers did not obtain... informed consent
there was NO informed consent The Tuskegee Trials led to the... Belmont Report Milgram (1963) study of... human obedience
- subjects had a role of 'teacher' and administered a shock to 'pupils'
- pupils were actually in on the experiment Describe the process of Milgram (1963) •There is an experimenter telling a teacher to read off word lists to the learner who is in the other room •If the learner misses a word while telling it back, they get shocked •The shock increases each time
- The learner knew what was happening - pretending to be hurt; and the teacher was in the dark
respect for persons demands that subjects enter into the research voluntarily and with adequate information Autonomy meaning: self-government, political control, independence Beneficence minimizing possible harms and maximizing benefits obligation to not harm Justice distributing benefits and risks of research fairly
- An injustice occurs when some benefit to which a person is entitled is denied without good reason or when some burden is imposed unduly.
- Another way of conceiving the principle of justice is that equals ought to be treated equally. There are several widely accepted formulations of just ways to distribute burdens and benefits (justice). Each formulation mentions some relevant property on the
basis of which burdens and benefits should be distributed. These formulations are... (1) to each person an equal share (2) to each person according to individual need (3) to each person according to individual effort (4) to each person according to societal contribution (5) to each person according to merit risk-benefit analysis calculation of potential risks and benefits that are likely to result Benefits include...
- Direct benefits to participants (e.g., education, new skills)
- Material benefits (e.g., payment)
- Satisfaction of participation in research
- Knowledge gained through research
- Moving field forward for future benefits (e.g., improved social policy, psychotherapy, educational practices)
- Medical benefits (e.g., getting a new treatment/medicine) Risks include...
- Physical harm (especially with medical procedures)
Individuals base their voluntary participation after... fully understanding all the possible risks involved Informed consent is in the Belmont's principle of... respect for persons/autonomy Consent forms must say: Participation in this study is completely voluntary. You may decline to participate without penalty. To give informed consent, a person must:
- Be competent to consent
- Have consented voluntarily
- Be fully informed about the research
- Comprehend what they have been told What is the goal of science? Produce and acquire new knowledge that transcends cognitive biases, assumptions, and false beliefs.
Science can combat _____. fake news (like that vaccines cause Autism) A ______ can provide informed consent for a child/minor, but the child provides _______. consent; assent ________ consent is best and usually required by IRBs signed There may be a few circumstances when signed consent may not be required and behavioral consent can be used:
- Phone survey
- Mailed survey
- If signed consent may jeopardize the well-being of the participants (e.g., AIDS, abortion, illegal behavior) 8 basic elements to informed consent: 1
- Say it is research don't hide it
