EXAM 2: General Psychology - PSY A111

Instructor: Mari Ippolito / Spring, 2011

KEY

INSTRUCTIONS:

1. Print your name on the line provided above.

2. Print your name on the answer sheet AND fill in the circles corresponding

to the letters of your name.

3. Fill in the circles on the answer sheet for your I.D. number.

4. Fill in the circles on the answer sheet for the answers you select.

5. Once you have completed the test, hand in both the test AND the answer

sheet.

1. A child learns that whenever he eats all of his dinner he

ets a cookie for dessert. This t

pe of learnin

BEST explained by ________.

a. classical conditioning

b. operant conditioning

c. biofeedback theory

d. social learning theory

2. Information gets from sensory memory to short-term memory through the process of ________.

a. elaborative rehearsal

b. maintenance rehearsal

c. automatic encoding

d. selective attention

3. Agatha Harkness-Smythe is determined to ban guns in the United States. This is a controversial topic

and social scientists have debated whether the ownership of guns by citizens increases or decreases

crime. Agatha could go to the library and look up studies on the linkage between guns and crime rates.

Instead, Agatha just reads the local newspaper and only cuts out articles about robberies in which the

"bad guy" used a firearm. Agatha is demonstrating ________.

a. mental set

b. confirmation bias

c. stereotype threat

d. mindlessness

________

is an

relativel

permanent chan

e in behavior brought about by experience or practice.

a. learning

b. adaptation

c. memory enhancement

d. muscle memory

5. Moishe can remember onl

the first two items and the last two items on the

rocer

list that his wife

ust

read to him over the phone. The other five items in between are gone. This is an example of the

________

a. encoding specificity effect

b. serial position effect

c. TOT effect

d. reintegrative effect

Partial preview of the text

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EXAM 2: General Psychology - PSY A Instructor: Mari Ippolito / Spring, 2011

KEY

INSTRUCTIONS:

**1. Print your name on the line provided above.

Print your name on the answer sheet AND fill in the circles corresponding** **to the letters of your name.
Fill in the circles on the answer sheet for your I.D. number.
Fill in the circles on the answer sheet for the answers you select.
Once you have completed the test, hand in both the test AND the answer** sheet.
A child learns that whenever he eats all of his dinner he gets a cookie for dessert. This type of learning is BEST explained by ________. a. classical conditioning b. operant conditioning c. biofeedback theory d. social learning theory
Information gets from sensory memory to short-term memory through the process of ________. a. elaborative rehearsal b. maintenance rehearsal c. automatic encoding d. selective attention
(^) Agatha Harkness-Smythe is determined to ban guns in the United States. This is a controversial topic and social scientists have debated whether the ownership of guns by citizens increases or decreases crime. Agatha could go to the library and look up studies on the linkage between guns and crime rates. Instead, Agatha just reads the local newspaper and only cuts out articles about robberies in which the "bad guy" used a firearm. Agatha is demonstrating ________. a. mental set b. confirmation bias c. stereotype threat d. mindlessness
________ is any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice. a. learning b. adaptation c. memory enhancement d. muscle memory
Moishe can remember only the first two items and the last two items on the grocery list that his wife just read to him over the phone. The other five items in between are gone. This is an example of the ________. a. encoding specificity effect b. serial position effect c. TOT effect d. reintegrative effect

Why does fear caused by punishment make the punishment ineffective in changing behavior? a. Fear leads the child to forget the behavior that was punished. b. Fear produces resentment that makes the child rebellious and disobedient. c. Fear interferes with the child's ability to learn from the punishment. d. None of these.
(^) An operant conditioning technique in which a learner gains conscious control over his or her own biological response is ________. a. biofeedback b. contingency training c. cellular training d. social learning
Bill hates to clean up after dinner. One night, he volunteers to bathe the dog before cleaning up. When he finishes with the dog and returns to the kitchen, his wife has cleaned everything up for him. Which of the following statements is most likely true? a. Bill will start cleaning up the kitchen before he bathes the dog. b. Bill's wife has positively reinforced him for bathing the dog. c. Bill's wife has negatively reinforced him for bathing the dog. d. Bill will never bathe the dog again.
Which of the following might be the most appropriate analogy for eidetic imagery? a. a table b. a modem c. a rainbow d. a photograph
A discriminative stimulus is a stimulus that ________. a. provides the organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement b. leads a person to discriminate against one group of people based on ethnicity or race c. cues the person into which schedule of reinforcement is being used in operant conditioning d. Watson used to make Little Albert scared of all fuzzy things
In order to learn anything through observation, the learner must ________. a. pay attention to the model b. be able to retain the memory of the model's action c. be capable of reproducing the model's action d. All of these processes are necessary.
(^) Learning that occurs but is not immediately reflected in a behavior change is called ________. a. insight b. innate learning c. vicarious learning d. latent learning
Which of the following statements is true regarding punishment? a. The effect of punishment is often temporary. b. Severe punishment creates fear and anxiety. c. Punishment is the opposite of reinforcement. d. All of these statements are true.

Human beings generally have an aversion to bitter and sour foods. Some researchers suggest that this is because foods that are inedible or even poisonous are often bitter or sour. The tendency of human beings to find these potentially harmful foods repulsive is an example of ________. a. classical conditioning b. vicarious conditioning c. conditioned emotional response d. biological preparedness
(^) Which memory system has an unlimited capacity and can keep information for hours or decades? a. short-term memory b. long-term memory c. sensory memory d. implicit memory
Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences divides intelligence into ________ independent abilities. a. three b. five c. seven d. nine
Which strategy will NOT increase the effects of punishment? a. making the punishment occur only on a partial, sporadic schedule b. making the punishment consistent c. pairing punishment of the wrong behavior with reinforcement of the correct behavior d. having the punishment immediately follow the behavior it is meant to punish
A psychological test that measures what we intend it to measure is said to be ________. a. valid b. normed c. reliable d. standardized
Loni is asked to memorize the letters I K T E A L N in no particular order. She memorizes them by reorganizing them into the words INK and LATE****. This tactic is called ________. a. cueing b. shadowing c. rote rehearsal d. chunking
(^) General knowledge, language, and concepts are seen as parts of ________. a. episodic memory b. procedural memories c. declarative memories d. semantic memory
A loose screw on the visor causes it to drop down while Ben drives; however, he keeps forgetting to take a screwdriver out to the car to fix it. When he notices the visor drop again, he reaches into his pocket for a dime he uses to tighten the screw holding the visor. What problem-solving difficulty did Ben overcome? a. relative comparison b. functional fixedness c. poor problem representation d. the representative heuristic

Olivia is punished for spilling her cereal. Her parents give her a spanking and send her to her room where she cries. Later, her puppy makes a mess on the floor. Olivia kicks her puppy and puts it out in the yard where it whines sadly. Which of the following statements explains her behavior toward the puppy? a. Olivia is correctly applying Skinnerian principles of negative reinforcement to change her dog's behavior. b. Olivia is using negative punishment on her dog and it will change the dog's behavior. c. Olivia is modeling the aggressive behavior her parents demonstrated to her. d. Olivia's parents probably think that the best way to raise kids is "spare the rod, spoil the child."
(^) Al must build 25 radios before he receives $20. What schedule of reinforcement is being used? a. a variable-ratio schedule b. a fixed-ratio schedule c. a fixed-interval schedule d. a continuous schedule
What type of thinking could be described as taking different directions in search of a variety of answers to a question? a. decisive b. convergent c. heuristic d. divergent
Memory is defined as an active system that consists of three processes. They are ________. a. receiving information from the senses, organizing and storing the information, and retrieving the information from storage b. the unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned stimulus, and the conditioned response c. bottom-up processing, selective attention, and top-down processing d. acquisition, extinction, and spontaneous recovery
In a heuristic called ________, a person determines the difference between the current situation and the goal and then tries to reduce that difference by various methods. a. means-end analysis b. availability heuristic c. representative heuristic d. rule of linked arms
If ________ is like losing a document in the computer because of a power loss, ________ is like pushing the "save" key and having the document disappear instead of being stored. a. anterograde amnesia, retrograde amnesia b. retrograde amnesia, anterograde amnesia c. adolescent amnesia, conductive amnesia d. procedural amnesia, implicit amnesia
When Pavlov placed meat powder or other food in the mouths of canine subjects, they began to salivate. The salivation was a(n) ________. a. unconditioned response b. unconditioned stimulus c. conditioned response d. conditioned stimulus

Howard Gardner and Robert Sternberg agree to be interviewed together on the topic of intelligence. At the end of the interview, what do you conclude is their major point of agreement? a. Heredity is the major factor determining intelligence. b. Standardized tests do not assess the many facets of intelligence. c. There is no correlation between intelligence quotients and academic success in grade school. d. The concept of intelligence serves no purpose in a society in which computers are so frequently used.
College students faced with unsolvable problems eventually give up and make only halfhearted attempts to solve new problems, even when the new problems can be solved easily. This behavior is probably due to ________. a. learned helplessness b. contingency blocking c. latent learning d. response generalization
Which memory system is the one that is a working, active system that processes the information within it? a. long-term memory b. short-term memory c. secondary memory d. cognitive dissonance
Which of the following is NOT an example of operant behavior? a. a child doing her homework after she receives her teacher's approval for her behavior b. a rat pressing a bar after receiving food for this behavior c. a dog blinking its eyes after a flash of light is presented d. a rat pressing a bar after avoiding a shock for this behavior
(^) You are learning a list of items for a test by relating the items to each other and to information that you already have stored in memory. Which type of rehearsal are you using? a. condensed b. permanent c. maintenance d. elaborative
________ is an example of a primary reinforcer, whereas ________ is an example of a secondary reinforcer. a. A cupcake; a certificate of achievement given to a student b. A kiss; money c. Water; food d. A gold star; cupcake
In order to get her 2nd^ grade students to memorize the poem written on the chalkboard, Mrs. Thyberg gives the students stickers for each poem they can recite from memory. After earning 5 stickers, a student gets to pick a prize out of the goody box. Mrs. Thyberg is using (a) ________ to modify the children's behaviors. a. token economy b. applied behavior analysis c. negative reinforcement d. classical conditioning.

The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus is called ________. a. stimulus generalization b. stimulus adaptation c. response generalization d. transfer of habit strength
You start out using Netscape, then change to Explorer because your company demands that browsers be Microsoft products. If you have trouble with Explorer, it is most likely due to ________. a. proactive interference b. retroactive interference c. anterograde interference d. consolidation problems
According to Robert Sternberg, ________ is the ability to deal with new and different concepts and to come up with new ways of solving problems (divergent thinking, in other words). a. analytical intelligence b. creative intelligence c. practical intelligence d. none of these
Memories for general facts and personal information are called ________. a. episodic memory b. procedural memories c. declarative memories d. factual memory
You train your dog, Milo, to salivate at the sound of a bell. Then you ring the bell every five minutes and don't follow the ringing with food for Milo. He salivates less and less and finally stops salivating at all when the bell rings. But the next morning, when you ring the bell, Milo salivates! What term is used to explain the reappearance of this response? a. counterconditioning b. instinctive drift c. spontaneous recovery d. stimulus discrimination
What are mental categories representing activities, objects, qualities, or situations that share some common characteristics? a. classes b. concepts c. attributes d. classifications
(^) When someone looks at an image, the retina turns the light rays from it into neural messages that go up to the optic nerve so the brain can interpret them. This process is called ________. a. encoding b. storage c. retrieval d. evaluation

Which of these is one of Howard Gardner's multiple intelligences? a. poetic b. digital c. creative d. naturalistic
(^) Flashbulb memories ________. a. are not subject to periodic revision b. usually concern events that are emotionally charged c. are almost always highly accurate d. usually concern events from early childhood
It is even possible to become classically conditioned by simply watching someone else respond to a stimulus in a process called ________. a. vicarious conditioning b. conditioned emotional responses c. stimulus generalization d. higher-order conditioning
Personal facts and memories of one's personal history are parts of ________. a. episodic memory b. procedural memories c. declarative memories d. semantic memory

Test Name: GENExam1Sp

b. operant conditioning Feedback: Correct: The child's voluntary behavior–eating his dinner–is rewarded with the cookie. Incorrect: If this were an example of social learning, the child would have to watch someone else get a reward for eating dinner.
d. selective attention Feedback: Incorrect: Sensory memory doesn't rely on rehearsal, which is a short-term memory process. Correct: Sensory information must be attended to or it is not sent on to short-term memory.
b. confirmation bias Feedback: Incorrect: Mental set is defined as the tendency to perceive and approach problems in the same ways that have worked in the past, which is not relevant to what Agatha is demonstrating in this example. Correct: Agatha is demonstrating confirmation bias by concerning herself only with information that backs up, or confirms, what she already believes.
a. Learning Feedback: Correct: Experience or practice that leads to a long-term behavior change is referred to as learning. Incorrect: Adaptation is a sensory effect that describes a perceptual change to a given stimulus level. Perceptual changes are not behavioral changes and, thus, are not considered to be learning.
b. serial position effect Feedback: Correct: The finding is known as the serial position effect, as it refers to the ability to better remember things at the beginning and end of a list. Incorrect: TOT is when you know the item but can't retrieve it at a particular moment, which is not the case in this example. Moishe's problem is with the serial position effect.
c. Fear interferes with the child's ability to learn from the punishment. Feedback: Incorrect: Although fear may produce resentment, the more immediate reason why fear makes punishment ineffective is that it interferes with the child's ability to learn from the punishment. Correct: Fear interferes with the child's ability to learn from the punishment due to the emotions and unpleasant sensations generated by the punishment
a. biofeedback Feedback: Correct: Biofeedback is an operant conditioning technique that allows someone to control his or her own biological response. Incorrect: Contingency training is too generic a term. The more specific term is biofeedback as it refers to control of a biological response.

a. performance and verbal Feedback: Correct: The performance and verbal categories of subtests make up the Wechsler intelligence tests. Incorrect: The performance and verbal categories of subtests make up the Wechsler intelligence tests.
c. practical intelligence Feedback: Incorrect: Creative intelligence is the ability to deal with new and different concepts and come up with new ways of solving problems. Correct: Practical intelligence is best described as "street smarts," or the ability to use information to get along in life.
c. algorithms Feedback: Incorrect: Sally is making use of algorithms because the geometric rules always work. Heuristics don't guarantee a solution. Correct: Sally is making use of algorithms because the rules will always produce a solution.
b. sound of the electric can opener Feedback: Correct: The sound of the can opener is a stimulus that causes a conditioned response in the cat. Incorrect: Although the dish might also have become a conditioned stimulus, in this example Harmony noticed that salivation came in response specifically to the sound of the can opener.
d. biological preparedness Feedback: Incorrect: The question does not refer to any emotional reaction as a consequence of the unpleasant taste. Correct: The survival value associated with learning to avoid dangerous foods is an example of biological preparedness.
b. long-term memory Feedback: Incorrect: Long-term memory has an unlimited capacity. Short-term memory lasts only about 30 seconds and can hold only seven or so items at one time. Correct: Long-term memory has an unlimited capacity.
d. nine Feedback: Incorrect: Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences divides intelligence into nine independent abilities. Correct: Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences divides intelligence into nine independent abilities.
a. making the punishment occur only on a partial, sporadic schedule Feedback: Correct: Making the punishment only occur on a partial, sporadic schedule will not increase its effects. Incorrect: This pairing will increase the efficacy of punishment.
a. valid Feedback: Correct: A psychological test that measures what we intend it to measure is said to be valid. Incorrect: A psychological test that measures what we intend it to measure is said to be valid.

d. chunking Feedback: Incorrect: Cueing refers to a hint given at recall. Correct: The tactic of combining bits of information into meaningful chunks is called chunking.
d. semantic memory Feedback: Incorrect: Procedural memory is used for skills and is usually nonverbal. Correct: Semantic memory includes general knowledge, language, and concepts, among other things.
b. functional fixedness Feedback: Correct: Ben overcame the problem of functional fixedness. Incorrect: Ben overcame the problem of functional fixedness.
c. Olivia is modeling the aggressive behavior her parents demonstrated to her. Feedback: Incorrect: Olivia's punishment led her to be aggressive. In any case, kicking the dog outside is punishment and not negative reinforcement. Correct: Olivia is modeling the aggressive behavior and that is a problem with punishment.
b. a fixed-ratio schedule Feedback: Correct: A fixed-ratio schedule demands a set number of responses, in this case 25. Incorrect: A fixed-interval schedule is based on the time between responses.
d. divergent Feedback: Incorrect: Convergent thinking occurs when problems are seen as having only one correct answer. All lines of thinking converge on that one answer. Correct: Divergent thinking involves taking different directions in search of a variety of answers to a question.
a. receiving information from the senses, organizing and storing the information, and retrieving the information from storage Feedback: Correct: Memory is defined as consisting of receiving, organizing and storing, and retrieving information. Incorrect: These elements are all part of classical conditioning.
a. means-end analysis Feedback: Correct: In a means—end analysis, a person determines the difference between the current situation and the goal and then tries to reduce that difference by various means, or methods. Incorrect: The correct heuristic is a means–end analysis. The rule of linked arms sounds like trying to reduce differences by linking items, but it is not a term that is used.

c. heredity; environment Feedback: Correct: It is important to remember that although heredity sets limits on a child's potential, it is the environment that permits that potential to be actualized. Incorrect: It is important to remember that although heredity sets limits on a child's potential, it is the environment that permits that potential to be actualized.
b. Standardized tests do not assess the many facets of intelligence. Feedback: Correct: Both Gardner and Sternberg believe there are different styles of intelligence, not all of which are measured by standardized tests. Incorrect: Neither Gardner nor Sternberg denied the correlation between intelligence quotients and academic success in grade school.
a. learned helplessness Feedback: Correct: Students' lack of success in the past "taught"them to not even bother trying, a phenomenon Seligman called learned helplessness. Incorrect: The students did not show that they learned the problems, so it could not be latent learning of the problem. Because they did not try, it was a case of learned helplessness.
b. short-term memory Feedback: Correct: Correct. Short-term memory is the one that is active and working. Incorrect: Incorrect. Secondary memory is an obsolete and little used term.
c. a dog blinking its eyes after a flash of light is presented Feedback: Correct: Correct. The dog's blinking its eyes is not operant behavior because it is reflexive, involuntary behavior, whereas operant behavior is voluntary. Incorrect: Incorrect. The rat's pressing the bar is operant behavior because it is voluntary.
d. elaborative Feedback: Incorrect: Incorrect. Maintenance rehearsal involves repeating the items over and over in your head. Elaborative rehearsal, which involves relating the items to each other and to information that you already have stored in memory, is a much better strategy. Correct: Correct. Elaborative rehearsal involves relating the items to each other and to information that you already have stored in memory, and it is the best strategy for getting information into long-term memory.
a. A cupcake; a certificate of achievement given to a student (or b) if you argue that affection is a basic need Feedback: Correct: A cupcake relates to food, drink, shelter, touch, and other biologically based needs,whereas a certificate does not. Incorrect: A gold star is an example of a secondary reinforcer, whereas a cupcake is an example of a primary reinforcer.
a. token economy Feedback: Correct: The teacher is using tokens as rewards for desired behaviors. Incorrect: The students are being reinforced for their behaviors, but the reinforcement is positive, not negative.

a. stimulus generalization Feedback: Correct: Responding to a similar stimulus is called stimulus generalization. Incorrect: The subject is generalizing to a stimulus and, thus, the process is called stimulus generalization.
a. proactive interference Feedback: Correct: In proactive interference, older information interferes with newer information. Incorrect: In retroactive interference, newer information interferes with older information. In this example, the old interferes with the new, which is proactive interference.
b. creative intelligence Feedback: Correct: Creative intelligence is the ability to deal with new and different concepts and to come up with new ways of solving problems. Incorrect: Practical intelligence is best described as "street smarts,"or the ability to use information to get along in life.
c. declarative memories Feedback: Correct: Memories for general facts and personal information are called declarative memories. Incorrect: Factual memory is not the term used; declarative memory stores general facts.
c. spontaneous recovery Feedback: Incorrect: Counterconditioning would have occurred if the animal was conditioned to some other stimuli, but this was not the case. Correct: Milo's response spontaneously recovered.
b. concepts Feedback: Correct: Mental categories representing activities, objects, qualities, or situations that share some common characteristics are called concepts. Incorrect: Mental categories representing activities, objects, qualities, or situations that share some common characteristics are called concepts.
a. encoding Feedback: Correct: Encoding is necessary for interpretation as the information must be sent to the brain. Incorrect: Storage cannot happen until after encoding. If the information is not processed, it can't be stored.
c. The parents are using punishment to suppress the screaming; their use of punishment is negatively reinforced by the cessation of screaming. Feedback: Incorrect: The parents are not attempting to increase their son's screaming, but rather to make it stop. Correct: The parents are using punishment, and they are negatively reinforced as cessation of screaming is a classic negative reinforcer.

a. vicarious conditioning Feedback: Correct: You can become conditioned by watching through a process called vicarious conditioning. Incorrect: Higher-order conditioning involves linking one conditioned stimulus to another. It does not involve watching someone.
a. episodic memory Feedback: Correct: Episodic memory includes personal facts and memories. Incorrect: Declarative memory is concerned with general facts and not personal ones.

67 Solved MCQs on General Psychology - Exam 2 | PSY A111, Exams of Psychology

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