Download 6100 Exam 1 Questions with key solutions. NEW UPDATE!! and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!
6100 Exam 1 Questions with key
solutions. NEW UPDATE!!
what we, as a society, do collectively to assure the conditions in which people can be
healthy - CORRECT ANSWER -Public health
collection of individuals who have one or more personal environmental characteristics in
common - CORRECT ANSWER -population or aggregate
efforts to prevent disease/problems before they occur (vaccines) - CORRECT
ANSWER -primary prevention
early detection & intervention (screenings, mammograms) - CORRECT
ANSWER -secondary prevention
correct and prevent deterioration of present disease - CORRECT ANSWER -
tertiary prevention Social determinants- circumstances in which people are born, grow up, live, work, and age, and the systems put in place to deal with illness; economics, social policies, and politics shape these circumstances Genetic factors, socio-economic status, behavioral choices, environmental exposure,
medical care access, race, ethnicity, etc. - CORRECT ANSWER -determinants of
health Access to health services, clinical preventative services, environmental quality, injury & violence, maternal, infant, and child health, mental health, nutrition, physical activity & obesity, oral health, reproductive and sexual health, social determinants, substance
abuse, tobacco - CORRECT ANSWER -leading health indicators for the U.S.
What are the core functions of public health? - CORRECT ANSWER -
assessment, policy development, assurance regular collection, analysis, and information sharing? use of information gathered during assessment to develop local and state health policies? focuses on the availability of necessary health services throughout the community? -
CORRECT ANSWER -Assessment
Policy development assurance
monitor health status to identify community health problems; diagnose and investigate
health problems and health hazards in the community - CORRECT ANSWER -
assessment - essential services inform, educate, and empower people about health issues; mobilize community partnerships to identify and solve health problems; develop policies and plans that
support individual and community health efforts - CORRECT ANSWER -policy
development - essential services enforce laws and regulations that protect health and ensure safety; link people to needed personal health services and ensure the provision of health care when
otherwise unavailable - CORRECT ANSWER -assurance - essential services
Individual (family) response to health and illness -Emphasizes behavioral responses to illness or lifestyle patterns -Nursing interventions aimed at the individual by changing his or her perceptions or
belief system - CORRECT ANSWER -microscopic approach
-Interfamily and intercommunity themes -Emphasizes social, economic, and environmental precursors of illness -Nursing interventions may include modifying social or environmental variables
-May involve social or political action - CORRECT ANSWER -macroscopic
approach o To eliminate preventable disease, disability, injury and premature death o To achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups o To create social and physical environments that promote good health for all o To promote healthy development and healthy behaviors across every stage of life -
CORRECT ANSWER -objectives of Healthy People 2020
along with Rathbone created District Nursing Model to provide nursing care to needy people in their homes while addressing the health status of the whole family -
CORRECT ANSWER -Florence Nightingale
early public health reformer, found deplorable environmental conditions in immigrant tenement housing & sweatshops, established Henry Street Settlement House and district nursing in 1893 which was considered the first American Community Health Agency; lived in settlement house with patients, American red cross, rural nursing service, occupational health nursing, Children's Bureau in 1912- looked at child labor laws, she started milk kitchens for babies to receive adequate nutrition, system of fee
for service, school nursing w/ emphasis on child and family - CORRECT
ANSWER -Lillian Wald
Nursing Research; IOM's Report The Future of Public Health (1988); Healthy People
initiative began - CORRECT ANSWER -1980s
health care concerns focused on cost, quality, and access to direct care services; health care reform movement: nursing organizations (ANA, AACN, NLN, & 60 others) joined to
support health care reform - CORRECT ANSWER -1990s
Health Care Reform passed in 2010 with the federal Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act; PHN organizations develop position papers on: graduate education for advanced practice PHN, faculty qualifications for community/public health nursing
educators, importance of PHN within PH systems - CORRECT ANSWER -2000s
first level of the private healthcare system; first contact, continual, comprehensive, and coordinated care provided by HCP; care is at individual level; managed care, network of providers who agree with case management approach, HMOs, PPOs, medicare,
medicaid - CORRECT ANSWER -primary care
broad, comprehensive range of services, emphasis on prevention, encourages self-care
and self-management care provided at the community level - CORRECT
ANSWER -primary health care
8 essential elements of primary health care? - CORRECT ANSWER -1. Health
education 2. Proper nutrition 3. Maternal and child health care; family planning 4. Safe water & basic sanitation 5. Immunizations 6. Prevention and control of locally endemic diseases 7. Treatment of common diseases and injuries 8. Provision of essential drugs
highlights of cost, quality, and access? - CORRECT ANSWER -Cost: national
health spending has increased each year and is growing; cost of employer-sponsored insurance premiums have increased 119% since 1999; inability of workers to pay increased cost = rise in uninsured working families Quality: 98,000 deaths a year due to preventable medical errors; long work hours post most serious threat; reporting one's own mistakes Access: rise in uninsured people to 48 million in 2012; government programs play significant role in meeting the needs of the uninsured (increasing demands leave some state struggling with budget); Poor (working or nonworking), minority group members, non-English speaker are at risk for lack of access to healthcare
Trends affecting the healthcare system? - CORRECT ANSWER -Demographic-
aging baby boomer generation, cost of medicare expected to rise; rise in foreign-born population Social & economic- changing lifestyles, changing composition of families, changing household incomes (rich & poor gap growing)
Health Workforce- nursing shortage/lack of diversity in healthcare workforce; periodic shortages in PCPs, growing number of nurse practitioners Technology- telehealth, EHR; benefits: 24-hour availability, increased coordination and quality of care, improved quality measurement and monitoring, reduced medical errors; cons: privacy and security concerns, inconsistent quality of online resources, expensive equipment that requires higher training Assumptions underlying public health nursing
what are 1-3? - CORRECT ANSWER -1. Defining PHN practice: Public health
nursing (PHN) is defined as the practice of promoting and protecting the health of populations using knowledge from nursing, social, and public health sciences. The title "PHN" designates a registered nurse with educational preparation in both public health and nursing. The primary focus is to promote health and prevent disease for entire population groups.
- PHN Practice Focuses on Populations as opposed to individuals which differentiates PHN from other areas of nursing practice [population, population at risk, population of interest]
- PHN practice considers the determinants of health [health inequities, significant health disparities related to race, gender, and socio-economic status exist within the U.S., determinants of health] assumptions underlying public health
4-6 - CORRECT ANSWER -4. PHN practice is guided by priorities identified
through an assessment of community health- assessment requires on-going collection and analysis relevant quantitative and qualitative data and generally results in a lengthy list of community problems and issues
- PHN Practice Emphasizes Prevention- levels of prevention, focus on health promotion and disease prevention, emphasizing primary prevention whenever possible; every event is not preventable, but every event has a preventable component
- PHNs intervene at All Levels of Practice- work of PHNs is carried out sequentially at three levels of prevention: community-level, systems-level, individual-level practice undelrying assumptions
7-10? - CORRECT ANSWER -7. PHN practice uses the nursing process at all
levels of practice- PHNs customize the process to the 3 levels of practice
- PHN practice uses a common set of interventions regardless of practice setting- 17 interventions, each intervention is grouped with a related intervention [red, green, and blue mostly used by nurses focused on individuals, families, classes, and groups] [orange and yellow are used by nurses focused on effecting systems & communities]
- PHN practice contributes to the achievement of the 10 essential services- interventions are the means through which PHNs implement the 10 essential services
- PHN practice is grounded in a set of values and beliefs- cornerstones of PHN: the intervention wheel defines "what and how" of PHN practice; the Cornerstones define the
Function-social system, the why and how, interrelationships of aggregates fulfilling community functions
What are the characteristics of community health? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Status - Health status of community (morbidity and mortality indicators) Structure - community health services and resources Process - effective community functioning or problem solving provides a quick overview of the community, provides first step in generating data to identify community trends, stability, and changes [observe common characteristics of people, neighborhood gathering places, rhythm of community of life, housing quality,
geographic boundaries - CORRECT ANSWER -windshield survey
data generation, go out and get info from key informants, focus groups, photovoice (giving cameras to community members), participant observation, windshield survey -
CORRECT ANSWER -primary data collection
data gathering, surveys, secondary analysis - CORRECT ANSWER -secondary
data collection
What does a community diagnostic statement consist of? - CORRECT
ANSWER -1. Target group or aggregate, 2. response (overall goal) [may be actual or
potential (at risk for)], 3. related factors (etiologies) Aggregate (community or population) at risk for (disease or disability)related to (etiology), as evidenced by (health indicators)_. Based on community need: a particular deficiency or problem that concerns a community, looks at what is wrong with the community and how to fix it, examines
needs, what is/what should be gap, deficits, and needed improvments - CORRECT
ANSWER -Needs-based assessment
People, places, businesses, or organizations that can be mobilized for community improvement. Every community member, even the health educator, can potentially be a
community asset; focus on positive aspects of the community - CORRECT
ANSWER -Asset-based assessment
(Process) ongoing, relevance, adequacy, addressing part or entire problem, progress -
CORRECT ANSWER -Formative evaluation
(Product/outcome) aspects, satisfaction of patients and providers, LT goals and impact,
sustainability - CORRECT ANSWER -Summarize evaluation
What is the future of public health? - CORRECT ANSWER -A report by IOM in
1988 that described significant reductions in local and national political support, financing, and outcomes. America's public health system was in disarray and everyone agreed the need for public health but little consensus on how to move forward. Has influenced goals and priority setting in both public health and nursing in 1979 -
CORRECT ANSWER -Health People initiative
