Overview of Electromagnetic, Strong & Weak Interactions: Fundamental Forces & Particles, Summaries of Physics

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4 Fundamental Forces Force Relative Strength Range Strong 1 1 fm Electromagnetic 10

• 2 Infinite (1/ r 2 ) Weak 10
• 6  10
• 3 fm Gravitational 10
• 43 Infinite (1/ r 2 )

Particle Particle symbol Antiparticle symbol Rest energy (MeV) Lifetime (s) Baryons Heavy particles Proton p p 938.3 Stable Neutron n n 939.6 900 Lambda L^0 L^0 1116 2.6 x 10

• 10 Sigma S+^ S–^1189 0.8 x 10–^10 S 0 S (^0 1192) 6 x 10– 20 S

S

1197 1.6 x 10

• 10 Omega W–^ W+^1672 0.8 x 10
• 10 Hadrons (Heavy particles)

Quarks and Antiquarks Quarks Antiquarks Name Rest energy (MeV) Symbol Charge Symbol Charge Up 360 u +2/3 e u – 2/3 e Down 360 d – 1/3 e d +1/3 e Charmed 1500 c +2/3 e c – 2/3 e Strange 540 s – 1/3 e s +1/3 e Top 173,000 t +2/3 e t – 2/3 e Bottom 5000 b – 1/3 e b +1/3 e

Valence quarks

u

d

Q=+1, and it’s called a p+ M~140 [MeV/c 2 ] Lifetime~2.6x10-^8 [s]

Gluons communicate force between quarks

Mesons = quark / anti-quark “bound” together.

communicates force between p+ and n

7 7 3 3

X  Li