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– Precipitation reactions are classified as double. replacement (metathesis) reactions – exchange of. ions leads to an insoluble combination of ions. Page 2. ...
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insoluble product(precipitate
) after
mixing of twoelectrolyte solutions– The driving force of
precipitation reactionsis the elimination ofions from the solutionby formation of aninsoluble product
Example:
When mercury(I) nitrate and potassiumphosphate solutions are mixed, mercury(I)phosphate
precipitates
. Write the net ionic
equation.
mercury(I)
→
Hg
2+ 2
→
Hg
(NO 2
) 3
2
⇒
Skeletal eq: Hg
(aq) 2
(aq) 4
(Hg
(s) 2
(aq) 3
⇒
Overall balanced eq: 3Hg
(aq) 2
(aq) 4
(Hg
(s) 2
(aq) 3
⇒
Complete ionic eq: 3Hg
2+ 2
+^
3- 4
(Hg
(s) 2
+^
⇒
Net ionic eq: 3Hg
2+ 2
3- 4
(Hg
(s) 2
Predicting the outcome of precipitation
double
replacement
(metathesis) reactions – exchange of
ions leads to an insoluble combination of ions
Example:
Predict the outcome of the mixing of silvernitrate and potassium carbonate solutions. ⇒
Ions present in the solution: Ag
2- 3
⇒
consider all possible combinations of ions to findif an insoluble product can form: Ag
+^
and CO
2- 3
form insoluble Ag
3
⇒
Net ionic eq:
2Ag
+^
2- 3
Ag
(s) 3
Note:
The net ionic equation can be predicted
directly from the formula of the precipitate.
Arrhenius acids
+^ (aq)
[or
+^ (aq)]
, in water solutions
+^ ions
HCl, H
HCl(g)
+^
HCl(g) + H
O(l) 2
+^
H
O 2
Arrhenius bases
NaOH
dissolves in water and dissociates to
Na
+^
and
NaOH(s)
Na
+^
Ammonia gas,
, dissolves in water and 3
produces
(g) + H 3
O(l) 2
H
O 2
Strong acids
aqueous solutions ⇒
HBr
(g)
(l)
+^
HCl
(aq)
, HBr
(aq)
(aq)
HClO
, and HClO 4
3
Weak acids
aqueous solutions (HF, H
S, organic acids ... ) 2
(aq)
(l)
+^
-^
(~1% ionized)
(aq)
(aq) 3
Cl 4
(aq)
NH
(aq) 3
→
weak base (only partially ionized)
+^
-^
(aq) 3
+^
(aq) 3
+^
is present in the form of
H
O 3
+^
(aq) 3
(l)
⇒
transfer of a proton from H
O 3
+^ to NH
3
Gas Formation Reactions • Reactions of salts of weak or volatile acids
with strong acids Example:
ZnS
(s)
(aq)
ZnCl
(aq) 2
(g)
ZnS
(s)
+^
Zn
2+
-^
(g)
ZnS
(s)
+^
Zn
2+
(g)
-^
H
+^
is present in the form of H
O 3
ZnS
(s)
+^
Zn
2+
(g)
(l)
⇒
transfer of a proton from H
O 3
+^
to S
2-