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3Nursing summary easy review fast quiz and quick, Cheat Sheet of Nursing

3 Nursing summary easy review fast quiz and quick

Typology: Cheat Sheet

2023/2024

Uploaded on 05/04/2025

erica-easley
erica-easley 🇺🇸

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BACTERIA, ANTIBIOTICS
AND ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
Photo: Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria, NIAID (from flickr).1
Photo: Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria, NIAID (from flickr).2
By ReAct Funding from Marie-Claire Cronstedts Stiftelse
BASIC LECTURE
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BACTERIA, ANTIBIOTICS

AND ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE

Photo: Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria, NIAID (from flickr).^1 Photo: Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria, NIAID (from flickr).^2 By ReAct Funding from Marie-Claire Cronstedts Stiftelse

BASIC LECTURE

OUTLINE OF THIS LECTURE

  • About bacteria
  • About antibiotics
  • Antibiotic resistance
    • How does it form and spread?
    • What are the consequences for global health?
  • What can you do?
  • A few bacteria can be dangerous to our health by causing infections and even death
  • We can get them from outside the body:
    • Other humans, animals, food, water
  • Sometimes our “own” bacteria can cause disease
  • Examples of bacterial infections:
    • Pneumonia
    • Blood stream infections
    • Urinary tract infections
    • Wound infections
    • The sexually transmitted disease gonorrhea

DISEASE-CAUSING BACTERIA

Photo: Klebsiella pneumoniae , NIAID (from flickr). 4

  • Antibiotics are medicines for bacterial infections
  • Examples of antibiotics:
    • Penicillin and Ciprofloxacin
  • Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928
    • Introduced as medicine in the 1940’s
  • Antibiotics can have “broad” or “narrow” spectrum
    • Broad spectrum: Active against many different types of bacteria
    • Narrow spectrum: Active against one or a few types of bacteria

ANTIBIOTICS

Photo: Antibiotics, Michael Mortensen (from flickr). 5

ANTIBIOTICS

  • Antibiotics are effective against bacteria
    • However, antibiotics have only marginal effect against some bacterial infections such as uncomplicated sinus infections and ear infections (bacterial otitis)
    • The body’s immune system can normally take care of these infections without antibiotics
  • But for some bacterial infections antibiotics are life-saving medicines! - For example for blood stream infections (sepsis) and pneumonia
  • Before antibiotics there was no effective cure for bacterial infections
  • Antibiotics were considered “a miracle cure”
  • Antibiotics cure infections, prevent infections upon surgery, and make transplantations and cancer treatment safer

ANTIBIOTICS

è Saved countless lives! è Made modern medicine possible!

  • Massive use of antibiotics the past 80 years, both appropriate and inappropriate has lead to:

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE

Photo: Drug resistance by Iqbal Osman (from flickr). 6

Increased occurrence and spread of

bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE = The ability of bacteria to protect themselves against the effects of an antibiotic

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE

  • Bacteria are experts at surviving in changing environments
  • In large bacterial populations there are often a few resistant bacteria

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE

  • Antibiotics select for resistant bacteria

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE

Is antibiotic resistance a problem?

  • Antibiotic resistance leads to treatment failures
  • Antibiotic resistance threatens our ability to perform modern medical procedures
  • Antibiotic resistance imposes a major economic burden on society
  • Antibiotic resistant bacteria already cause many deaths around the world

… but the consequences of antibiotic resistance are most severe for the poor. For example:

  • In South Asia (India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Nepal, Bangladesh) one newborn child dies every 5 minutes from blood stream infections (sepsis) because the antibiotics given are not effective due to bacterial resistance a

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE

aBhutta Z, Presentation at the Global Need for Effective Antibiotics - Moving towards Concerted Action. http://www.reactgroup.org/uploads/publications/presentations/ opening-session-zulfiqar-bhutta.pdf

  • Antibiotic resistance is a global issue!
    • Exists on all continents
    • Affects both low- and high income countries
    • Affects both strong and weak health systems

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE

Photo: The Blue Marble, Eastern Hemisphere March 2014, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (from flickr). 8

How did we end up here?

USE & INAPPROPRIATE USE OF ANTIBIOTICS

  • Use in human and animal medicine
  • Use to increase growth of farm animals
  • Use for routine prophylaxis in farm animals à Selection and maintenance of resistance

SPREAD OF

RESISTANT BACTERIA

  • Poor hygiene and sanitation
  • Food and water
  • Travel How did we end up here?

USE & INAPPROPRIATE USE OF ANTIBIOTICS

à Selection and maintenance of resistance