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Architecture Appreciation 1/18/ ● Why do we need architecture when a building provides shelter from the elements? ○ Complex lighting, creations, acoustics ○ Visual differentiation; cultural ● How do we define architecture? ○ An architectural product or work ○ The discipline dealing with the principles of design and construction and ornamentation of fine buildings ○ The profession of designing buildings and environments with consideration for their aesthetic effect ○ (computer science) the structure and organization of a computer’s hardware or system software ● Le Corbusier, 20th c. - Modernist Architect ● Walter Gropius, 20th c. - Modernist Architect ○ “Architecture begins where engineering ends.” ● Louis Kahn, 20th c. - Architect ○ “Architecture, like music, must be a part of the composer, but it must transcend hum to give something to music or architecture itself. Mozart is not only Mozart, but music.” ● Robert A.M. Stern - Architect, Teacher and Dean of the Yale School of Architecture ○ “Architecture is an artistic and practical expression of the real world - it is the art of building in the service of individuals and institutions.”
**- Architecture responds to the needs of its users and rises to the level of art
- Architecture is connected to a particular place and relates to the specifics of** **geography, climate and the surroundings
- Site: where architects call the particular place a building is constructed to be
- Architecture permanently records a civilization’s aesthetic tastes, material** **resources, political and social aspirations
- Architecture helps define place. 1/23/** ● The three principals Vitrivius felt essential to Architecture: ○ Firmness (structure) ○ Commodity (function) ○ Delight (beauty) ○ **Marco V. Polio Vitruvius - On Architecture Ten Books - written sometime before 27 BC ● Visual Messages - three levels ○ Representation: accurate record of things and/or experiences ○ Abstraction: simplification toward more intense, reductive meaning ○ Symbolism: substitution of an image for reality, general concepts or ideas
● Architects shape space using the following elements: ○ Solids: the relationship between solid and void creates architectural space ○ Voids: ^ ○ Scale: the size or proportion a building element appears to have relative to other elements of know or assumed size ○ Massing: composing three-dimensional shapes or volumes into a building design ○ Proportion: a quantified relationship among the parts of an element, as well as the relationship of that element to the whole ○ Rhythm : ○ Color - in relation to context and the architect: ○ Texture ○ Light ○ Sound ○ Symmetry: designing one side of a space to mirror the opposite ○ Asymmetry: Architectural elements that are unevenly spaced in size, shape and/or position ● Golden Section : known since the Greek mathematiciam Euclid, an irrational proportion with special mathematical and spatial relationships applicable to a wide variety of phenomena, including aesthetics, art, music, and nature: “a line cut in such a way that the smaller section is to the greater as the greater is to the whole” **test question ● Leonardo da Vinci’s drawing of body’s balanced proportions ● Le Corbusier’s Modulor: created a series of harmonic numbers: one was the average height of the human being, the other the neight of a man with raised arms 1/30/ ● Acoustic s: the branch of physics that deals with the production, control, transmission, reception, and effects of sound ● Context : the built or natural environment that surrounds new buildings ● Style : a particular or distinctive form of artistic expression characteristic of a person, people, or period ○ Egyptian, classical, romanesque, Georgian, Gothic revival style ○ Gothic ■ Built around earlier Romanesque work ○ Renaissance ■ Classic elements used in unique ways ○ Baroque ○ Arts and Crafts ■ Gamble House ○ Modern Architecture - (Prairie Style) Frank Lloyd Wright ■ Stretched into landscape
■ Popular in Gothic Structures ○ Oxeye window: a comparatively small round or oval window used in a frieze or dormer ○ Double-hung window: a window having two vertically hung sashes, each in separate tracks ○ Dormer window: vertical window in a projection built out on a sloping roof ○ Bay Window: window projecting from the surface of the wall to allow light from three sides ■ Oriel window: bay window supported by brackets ■ Bow window: curved bay window ○ Ribbon Window : horizontal band of windows ○ Casement window: a window sash opening on hinges generally attached to the vertical side of the frame ○ Transom window : a window above the transom of a doorway ○ Clerestory : a portion of an interior rising above adjacent rooftops and having windows to admit daylight ● Doorways: ○ arched doorways - associated with Romanesque and Gothic architecture ○ Pedimented doorways ■ Pediment: a triangular shaped element historically made of stone ○ Venetian door: a door opening, with a semicircular window (fanlight) above and flanked by vertical windows (sidelights) ○ French door: door having rectangular glass panes extending throughout its length often hung in pairs ○ Sliding door: door that operates or moves by sliding on a track ● Building Type: an architectural form which has become accepted by society through repeated use ○ Ex: cathedral; train station; banks; palace; city/country houses ● Building Program : A client’s list of practical requirements for a design project 2/1/ What three things are required for any architectural project? **a client with at least two of the three items has the potential for a project **1) Need
- Land (site) renovation vs. new
- Financing** ● Function: what will the buildingbe used for and who are the individuals using the building ● Site: the geographic location of a construction project, usually defined by legal boundaries ● Case studies: a study of existing architecture that is similar to the proposed new project ● Scale: what size are the people and or things that are to be housed in the building
● Scope, quality, budget ○ Interact together to create the parameters of the building project ○ No one term can change without another one changing ● Architecture ○ 1857 AIA in NYC ○ 1888 standard contract document from AIA ○ 1897 Illinois first registration law ○ 1912 Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture established ○ 1919 National Council of Architecture Registration ○ Board 1940 – National Architectural Accrediting Board is established ● Steps required to become a licensed Architect ○ 5 Year BARC Or 4+2 MARC Or 3+ year MARC ○ Minimum 3 year internship (minimum weeks of exposure to various aspects of practice) ○ Pass 6 part ARE 5.0 exam ● Basic Architectural Services consist of the following phases: ○ Schematic Design - 15% of Fee ○ Design Development – 25 % of Fee ○ Construction Documents – 35% of Fee ○ Bidding and Contract Negotiation – 5% of Fee ○ Construction Phase – 20% of Fee ● Basic Architectural Services ○ Schematic design : meet with clients, set PROGRAM, preliminary site plan ○ Design development: finalize plans/elevations; preliminary wall sections, electoral, mechanical, interior elevations, specifications ○ Construction documents ■ Drawings ■ Specifications ■ They are stamped with a seal before blueprints and copies are made ○ Bidding and Contract Negotiation ■ Cost plus contract ■ Opening bids ■ Sign contract ○ Construction phase ■ Review and approve ■ Pre final inspection ■ Final inspection ■ Warranties ● Drawing ○ Architects make complex sets of instructions for other people to build buildings ■ Instructions consist of drawings, specifications, and various contracts
■ “DEAD” loads - forces from all the immovable elements of a building (weight of building materials, walls, floors) ■ “LIVE” loads - forces from all the “movable” elements of a building (people, equipment, furniture) ■ Static loads - applied slowly ○ HORIZONTAL ■ Wind, ground pressure, earthquake ■ “LATERAL” Loads ● Forces “from the side” ● Dynamic Loads - applied suddenly ● Resistance to Forces in Architecture ○ Compression ■ Capacity to resist being pushed together ○ Tension ■ Capacity to resist pulling aprt ○ BENDING/STRESS ■ Both tension and compression ● Post and Beam trabeated ● Concrete with steel Reinforcing ● Types of construction and structural systems ○ Frame trabeated ■ Wood ■ Steel ● Tall buildings ● Light weight ● Thin walls ● Take veneers of brick, stone, stucco, etc ○ Masonry arcuated ■ Brick ■ Concrete ■ Stone ● Heavy ● Thick walls ● Costly, today ● Good insulation ● Masonry Skyscraper ○ Monadnock Building has a two - story base, 13 floors of offices and an attic and cornice. 197 feet tall. Some of the walls at the base are siz feet thick ● Truss ○ Lightweight triangles placed together, span great distance. Hold large loads, cannot distort shape, self-reinforcing
● Prehistoric Architecture ○ Neolithic period - 40,000-100,000 years ago; first farming period; “New Stone Age ● Stone megaliths = Big Rocks ○ Menhirs: single stone standing upright ○ Dolmen: several stones supporting a stone slab ○ Henges: circular ditches around which some megalithic monuments are arranged ○ Cromlech: a circle of stone ○ Ex; Stonehenge ● Stonehenge ○ Most famous… ○ NOTE: Menhir, Dolmen, Henge, and Cromlech ○ Trabeation - Post and Lintels ○ Remarkable joinery: Mortise and tenon ○ from function to ritual ● Three types of Pyramids ○ Step Pyramid ■ Saqqara: Doser’s Step Pyramid ○ Bent Pyramid ■ Sneferu’s South Pyramid / Dahshur, Egypt ○ Straight-sided Pyramid ■ Cheops’ Pyramid / Giza Egypt ● Ziggurats: stepped structures ○ Some of the oldest pyramids - 2125 BC ○ Built from mud bricks ○ Built by Sumerians (Iraq) workshops in base ○ Protects the body of the Pharaoh and keeps the relationship with the nature gods ● Babylon ○ Tower of Babel ● Seven Wonders of the Ancient World ○ Great Pyramid ○ Hanging Gardens of Babylon ○ The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus (burned down) ○ The Statue of Zeus (burned down) ○ Mausoleum of Halicarnassus (damaged by earthquake – later pillaged for sculpture) ○ The Lighthouse of Alexandria (destroyed by earthquake) ○ The Colossus of Rhodes (destroyed by earthquake) ● First recorded Architect ○ Egyptian named Imhotep - “the one who comes in peace” ○ Born a commoner
○ Palace at Knossos (1700-1380) BCE ■ Built for King Minos ■ Plan covered over 5 acres ■ Buildings were organized around courtyards ○ Forerunner to post and Beam (trabeated system) ■ The Lion Gate (Mycenae, ca. 1300 BC) ■ Precursor to Greek Architecture ● Lion’s Gate **** (three test questions) ○ Sense of structure was an inheritance from Neolithic period (remember Stonehenge) ○ Lion element borrowed from Egypt –but now more organic ○ Post and lintel ○ Greeks will refine post and lintel, triangular relief ○ Walls beyond narrow to allows defenders increased opportunity to repeal attackers ● Greek Architecture: Classical (Latin: elite) ○ Greeks united by language ■ Barbarians spoke what to them sounded like nonsense ■ Thought themselves superior ○ Live in cities – walk out to their farms (reverse commute) ○ Live under governing institutions ■ Founded on: ● Private property ● Individual freedom (less than 35% of population) ● “Democracy” ● Colonnade: a series of regularly spaced columns supporting an entablature and usually one side of a roof structure ● Temples housed Gods ○ They were built to impress non-Greeks with vivid colors and were able to be seen from a great distance ● Metope: any of the panels, either decorated or plain between the triglyphs on a Doric frieze ● Triglyph - one of the vertical blocks separating the metopes on a Doric frieze ● The orders: three styles ○ Doric Order: ■ Oldest, simplest, most massive ■ Columns placed close together, often no bases ■ Plain capitals ■ Entablatures have metopes and triglyphs** ■ Ex: Temples of Paestum (550 BCE) - temple of Hera ○ Ionic Order: ■ Developed in Ionian Islands ■ Characterized as delicate order - “female” ■ Contrasted with “male” Doric order
■ Used for smaller buildings and interiors ■ Easily recognizable by Volutes on Capital (based on nautilus shells or animal horns) ■ Ex: Temple of Artemis; Temple of Apollo ■ Perfection of Ionic Order: Temple of Athena Nike ○ Corinthian Order: ■ Variation of Ionic Order ■ Same as Ionic except a new type of Capital ■ Capital is more ornate-acanthus leaves ■ Often found on interiors rather than the outside ● Entasis: the slight convex bulge given to a column to offset the optical illusion that it is thinner in the middle ● The Golden Section - in context of Greek Architecture ○ The Acropolis ■ Athens, Greece ■ Agora: is open meeting place or market ○ The Parthenon ■ Athens / 448-432 BCE ■ Refined perfection of Doric Order ■ Supreme example of classical architecture ■ “--most perfect doric temple ever built” ■ Cella: the principal chamber or enclosed part of a classical temple ○ Elgin Marbles ■ British Museum → London ● Lord Elgin purchased Marbles from Turks ○ The Erechtheion ■ Athens – on the Acropolis (421-407 BC) ● Caryatids: a sculptured female figure used as a column ● Atlas: a sculptured male figure used as a column ● Greek Revival Style ○ Minard Lefever ○ Asher Benjamin ○ Plan Books - Details 2/20/ ● Comparing the Ancients ○ Greeks ■ MADE OBJECTS in the landscape (balance, harmony, refinement of form, not structural innovation) ■ POST AND BEAM ○ Romans (Etruscans) ■ Conquered the Greeks ■ Brought Classical architecture to Roman Empire
● Byzantine Architecture ○ Churches ■ Focused on middle, not the end ■ Purpose was to celebrate God as center of universe ■ Pendentives: spherical triangle forming the transition form the circular plan of a dome to the polygonal plan of its supporting structure; curved triangular panels ■ “Hagia Sophia” ● Meant to show Christ as the “light of the world” ○ S. Miniato al Monte (Florence, Italy - 1062-90) ○ Pisa Cathedral and Campanile (Pisa, Italy - 1063:1089-1272) ● Gothic Architecture ○ Structure is also ORNAMENT (like Greeks) ○ Not thick walls - use buttresses at right angles to take collected pressure of ribbed vault and arch ○ Pointed arch : signals gothic style ■ Buttresses , lofty pinnacles , gives to GOTHIC style ● Difference between English gothic vs. French Gothic (TEST QUESTION)** ○ Durham Cathedral vs. Chartres Cathedral ● Notre Dame de Paris (1163-1250) ● Vocab! ○ Apse: semi-circular projection, containing an altar ○ Transept: the two arms in a “latin cross” plan ○ Nave: space beyond the transept crossing toward the west or “front” of the church ○ “Cathedra” – throne of a bishop ○ Choir: area for monks between the transept crossing and the altar in the apse ○ Ambulatory: aisle around the choir 3/5/ Renaissance Architecture ● Ideal city of Sforzinda 1461- ○ Geometric purity of the “circle plan” for the city ○ Man is the Center ● Villa Rotunda c. 1500 Vicenza, Italy ○ Andrea Palladio ○ Supreme example of theoretically inspired design
■ Completely symmetrical ■ Elements all governed by proportional relationships ■ Turned house into a temple ■ Palladio wrote treatise on architecture THE FOUR BOOKS OF ARCHITECTURE ■ Constructed villas between Venice and Vincenza 1550 ○ Palladio made city houses: Palazzo ■ In Vicenza ● San Giorgio Maggiore ○ Faces across the basin of San Marco to the great piazza; built as part of the Benedictine monastery on the island ○ Church’s facade is scaled to present a public face to the town of Venice ○ “Face of Venice” ● Piazza: public square ● High Renaissance: style of Italian Renaissance art and architecture developed during the late 15th century ○ Characterized by an emphasis on draftsmanship, the illusion of sculptural volume in painting, and in building, by the imitative use of orders and compositional arrangements in the classical style, ○ great attention to the formulation of compositional rules after ○ the precepts of Vitrivius and the precedents of existing ruins ● The “Tempietto” of San Pietro in Montorio (1500-02) ○ Full realization of the perfection in circular geometry ○ Donato BRAMANTE ○ Dome: outward manifestation of the centrally organized plan ● Donato Bramante (1444-1514) ○ Tempietto, Rome (begun 1502) ■ Believed religious figure St. Peter was killed here ○ Bramante was close a an associate of Leonardo DaVinci ○ Early work in Milan ○ Moved to Rome after French sack of Milan in 1499 ● Pope Julius II 1503 – humanist ideals introduced into the Papal court ○ Rome Queen city – consolidate temporal power ○ Return to glory from Roman antiquity ○ Humanist artists in Rome: Michelangelo, Raphael ○ Bramante: to design St. Peter’s church (its questionable financing scheme set of the reformation) ● St. Peter’s 1505- ○ Bramante: Started symmetrical plan with dome, after his death ○ Michaelangelo changed it ○ A magnificent new church over the crypt of st. Peter ○ “Greek” cross vs. “Latin” cross ■ Greek: short arms, equal length ■ Latin: crossing with long nave
● Inigo Jones (1572-1652) ○ Queen’s House in Greenwich (begun 1616) ○ Balustrade: a railing supported by balusters ○ Banqueting Hall in Whitehall, London (1619-1622) ○ Self taught (son of a clothmaker) ○ Initially designed stage sets and costume for court of James I ■ Promoted to Surveyor - General under James I ○ Known to have undertaken 40 works for the crown ● Differences between Renaissance and Baroque ○ Renaissance ■ Engage intellect ■ Pure forms ■ Emphasize individual in isolation ■ Architecture for wealthy ■ Individual isolated buildings ○ Baroque (ill formed pearl - 17th century) ■ Engage the emotions ■ Illusionary effects ■ Emphasize individual as part of society ■ Architecture for all social classes ■ Buildings design to fit context ● Baroque architecture: style of architecture originating in Italy in the early 17th century ○ Prevalent in europe and the new World for a century and a half ○ Characterized by free and sculptural use of classical orders and ornament, dynamic opposition and interpenetration of spaces, and the dramatic combined effects of architecture, sculpture, praying, and the decorative arts ● Bernini and Borronimi the Baroque in Rome ○ Reaffirmation of Catholic Church after the Protestant led Reformation ○ Buildings to awe, convert ○ Counter reformation: reintroduce spiritual values ○ Something greater than the individual ● Francesco Borromini ○ S. Carlo alle Quattro Fontane ○ Rome, begun 1634 ● Bernini ○ Medusa ○ St. Peter’s ○ Piazza Retta ○ Obelisk ○ Piazza Obliqua ○ Added colonnade ○ Piazza of St. Peter’s (begun 1656) ○ Baldacchino, St. Peter’s Rome (1624-1633)
■ Aedicula : a capped space intended to house a shrine or statue ● Piazza Navona, Rome ○ Bernini and Borromini (begun 1644) ○ Space dates to ancient Roman Circus ○ Piazza : a public open place, square or market place, surrounded by buildings ○ Baroque : about collective engagement ● Longdon – Fire of 1666 ○ September 2, 1666: fire erupted and burned for three days destroying much of the city ○ Act of Rebuilding the City of London – example of an early building code – specified the use of brick walls and slate roofing material in an attempt to avoid future fires ○ Sir Christopher Wren redesigned St. Paul’s Cathedral and 50+ churches in London St. Paul's Cathedral - London (1675-1709) ■ Replaced earlier Gothic Cathedral ■ St. Clemente Dane’s - London ■ St. Mary-Le-Bow - London ■ Royal Hospital in Greenwich (1696-1702) ○ Nicholas Hawksmoor ■ Wren’s successor ■ Christ Church - London (1714-1729) ■ St. Mary Woolnoth - London (1716-1724) ● Versailles - outside Paris (begun 1661) ○ Baroque ○ Louis 14th’s hunting lodge ○ Andrew LeNotre, Jules-Hardouin Mansart ○ The gardens included roughly 1400 foundations, using water pumped up ○ Parterre : gardens geometrically organized ○ Extended baroque design of palace rooms into the landscape ○ Vegetation: exotic to the region ○ Allees: pathway lined with trees ■ Manipulation of nature ○ Hall of Mirrors ● Rococo : style of decorative art that evolved from the Baroque ○ Originated in France about 1720 ○ Distinguished by fanciful, curved spatial forms and elaborate, profuse designs of shellwork and foliage intended for a delicate overall effect ● Dominikus Zimmerman ○ Die Wies, near Munich ● Johann balthasar Neuman ● Spanish Steps, Rome (1723-25)
○ Designed plan of Washington DC ● Greek Revival ○ Structural lightning of Gothic ○ Tennessee State Capitol (Nashville, TN) ■ William Strickland (1845-1859) ○ Stanton Hall (Natchez, MS) - 1857- ○ Minard Lefever ○ Asher Benjamin ○ John Wood - Bath, England ■ Royal Crescent (1767-75) ■ Circus (1754) ○ Virginia State Capitol (1785-1798) ■ Thomas Jefferson ○ Monticello, 1770 ■ Thomas Jefferson ● University of Virginia (1817-1926) ○ Thomas Jefferson ● Paris - Ecole Des Beaux-Arts established (1700) educated Europeans thru 20th c ○ Taught grand symbolic designs ○ Charette ○ Academic, office, and construction site experience ○ Work for national and municipal agencies (not private firms) US arch schools based upon this tradition Etienne-Louis Boullée (1728-1799)
- Monument to Isaac Newton Charles-Nicolas Ledoux (1736-1806)
- Forms speak of function (house for river surveyor looks like hydraulics) Viollet-le-Duc (1814-1879)
- Leading proponent of the Gothic Revival in France
- Focused on structural systems ● Gothic revival ○ Romanticism: goal to achieve submiline beauty ○ Strawberry Hill (1747-1792) ■ Wanted it to look like built over time ■ Copied from medieval castles ● Carpenter Gothic ○ Richard Upjohn ● Picturesque: establishing a naturalistic feeling through irregular, asymmetrical compositions of building elements
Collegiate Gothic Carpenter Gothic Beaux ARTS Neoclassical-Eclecticism
- Charles Garnier
- Paris Opera House
- Organized the building into a balanced hierarchy of spatial elements - section through the Paris Opera House
- Opera house centerpiece of urban design reform ● Richardsonian Romanesque ○ Henry Hobson Richardson (in US) ■ Crane Library ■ Trinity Church (1872-1877) - Boston ● Developments in the 19th century ○ Industrialization ○ Urbanization ○ Beginnings of “global” marketplace of goods, ideas ○ Advances in sciences and construction ■ Steel manufacturing ■ Electricity and oil refining ■ “People moving” – mass transit, elevators ○ Architects slow to embrace industrial materials ○ DEBATE: historical styles vs. new forms ○ Engineers change role of architect ■ Eng. Design advanced structures ■ Push limits of metal and glass ■ Designed strong efficient structures ○ New building materials (cast iron, wrought iron, glass, steel) in industrial quantities ○ Crowding cities - infra-structure problems ○ NATIONALISM: want to establish identity through architecture using historical references ○ Largest buildings since Roman times ○ Designs for building that had never existed before ■ (railroad stations, covered public markets, asylums for mentally ill, housing for industrial working class, libraries, universities, etc.) ● Early Modernism ○ Crystal Palace ■ Designed by Joseph Paxton (1851) ■ For World’s Fair, London
