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279 questions on Final Exam of Anatomy and Physiology |, Exams of Physiology

Southwestern Illinois CollegePhysiology

Material Type: Exam; Class: Anatomy & Physiology; Subject: Biology / Biological Sciences; University: Southwestern Illinois College; Term: Forever 1989;

Typology: Exams

2009/2010

Uploaded on 02/17/2010

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Anatomy&Physiology–ExamOne
1) Bloodisatypeofconnectivetissue.
True False
2) Thecellsthatexistinbloodarecollectivelycalled___________________________.
3) Thecellsofbloodaresuspendedinanon‐livingfluidmatrixcalled___________________.
4) Provideaformal,one‐sentencedefinitionforblood.
5) A______________________(HtorHCT)isobtainedwhenbloodiscentrifuged.AHCT/Htis
alsocalledPCVor___________________________.
6) ThePCVorHCTistheproportionofbloodvolumethatisoccupiedbyredbloodcells.
True False
7) Redbloodcellsarealsoknownas_________________________.
8) Whitebloodcellsarealsoknownas
A) erythrocytes
B) enocytes
C) leukocytes
D) lymphocytes
9) Whataretheconsideredthethree“formedelements”ofblood?
10) Plasma,byvolume,iscomposedprimarilyof_________________.
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Partial preview of the text

Download 279 questions on Final Exam of Anatomy and Physiology | and more Exams Physiology in PDF only on Docsity!

Anatomy & Physiology – Exam One

  1. Blood is a type of connective tissue. True False
  2. The cells that exist in blood are collectively called ___________________________.
  3. The cells of blood are suspended in a non ‐ living fluid matrix called ___________________.
  4. Provide a formal, one ‐ sentence definition for blood.
  5. A ______________________ (Ht or HCT) is obtained when blood is centrifuged. A HCT/Ht is also called PCV or ___________________________.
  6. The PCV or HCT is the proportion of blood volume that is occupied by red blood cells. True False
  7. Red blood cells are also known as _________________________.
  8. White blood cells are also known as A) erythrocytes B) enocytes C) leukocytes D) lymphocytes
  9. What are the considered the three “formed elements” of blood?
  10. Plasma, by volume, is composed primarily of _________________.
  1. Besides water and proteins, what other solutes does plasma contain?
  2. If a person’s PCV is below the normal level, they are at risk for ___________________.
  3. If a person’s PCV is above the normal level, they are at risk for ___________________.
  4. Of males and females, on average, which gender normally has a higher volume of blood in their body? Approximately what volume?
  5. What is the major function of blood?
  6. In what ways does blood help maintain homeostasis? Be specific.
  7. Plasma is whole blood minus clotting factors. True False
  8. Serum contains no fibrinogen or blood cells. True False
  9. Fibrinogen is associated with _________________ reactions.
  1. ____________________ or hematopoiesis is the formation of ___________________.
  2. Hematopoiesis occurs initially in the ____________________. Later, stem cells go to the liver, spleen (this stops at birth), bone and lymphatic tissue.
  3. The term ‘myeloid’ suggests an origin in ____________.
  4. The term ‘_____________________’ suggests an origin in the lymphatic system.
  5. Red blood cells are approximately 7.5 μ m in diameter. They are ____________________ which lends significant flexibility to the cell.
  6. What is the major function of red blood cells?
  7. The shape of a red blood cell allows it to have greater gas exchange than other comparable spherical cells. What relationship of the volume and shape of the cell allows this?
  8. The shape of a red blood cell is maintained by a cytoskeletal protein called _______________.
  9. 97% of the content of a red blood cell is ______________________________.
  10. What is the major function of hemoglobin?
  11. Mature red blood cells contain a distinct nucleus. True False
  12. Mature red blood cells lack mitochondria and therefore must get ATP only through _____________________. This means they do not use the oxygen that they carry.
  13. Into what chemical is glucose converted during glycolysis?
  1. Imagine that you are a physician in an emergency room. You are presented with a patient who’s been stabbed and is rapidly losing blood. You must quickly make a decision about how to slow the patient’s blood loss as you fix the wound. You have both plasma that’s been titrated to clinical effect with a normalized INR and serum available. Which would you order for the patient, plasma or serum? Why?
  2. A normal red blood cell count for an adult male would be A) 1.1 ‐ 3.5 million/mm 3 B) 10.0 ‐ 13.3 million/mm 3 C) 4.2 ‐ 5.4 million/mm 3 D) 4.6 ‐ 6.2 million/mm 3
  3. A normal red blood cell count for an adult female would be A) 1.1 ‐ 3.5 million/mm 3 B) 10.0 ‐ 13.3 million/mm 3 C) 4.2 ‐ 5.4 million/mm 3 D) 4.6 ‐ 6.2 million/mm 3
  4. The ________________ of blood, or the measure of the resistance of blood to flow, depends on both the plasma and the hematocrit.
  5. A red blood cell count (RBC) of a known volume of blood is measured by using a special glass slide called a _____________________.
  6. What are the two major components of a red blood cell?
  7. ___________________ has four chains; two alpha and two beta.
  8. Globin transports CO 2. The binding of CO 2 with globin results in a compound called _____________________________________.
  9. Globin contains heme. True False
  1. The lifespan of a red blood cell is approximately: A) 12 days B) 90 days C) 150 days D) 120 days
  2. In what two organs can one typically find old red blood cells trapped?
  3. Trapped red blood cells are engulfed by _______________________ in a process known as hemolysis.
  4. When a macrophage is hemolysing a red blood cell, heme splits from globin and iron is salvaged. Complete the following which outlines the degradation of heme. Heme  _______________ (Green)  ___________________ (Yellow ‐ Green) Bound To ______________  Can Follow One Or Both Of The Following Pathways Absorbed By The Liver and Secreted As __________ Into The Intestine Where It Becomes ____________________ (Brown In Color Due To Bacteria Absorbed By The Kidneys and Converted Into __________________ (Yellow)
  5. High levels of bilirubin in the blood leads to ______________________; a yellowing of the skin and eyes.
  6. When a macrophage is hemolysing a red blood cell, globin is the protein portion that is broken down into ___________________________ and reused.
  7. Name and describe three different types of anemia. What are possible causes for each?
  1. Thalassemia is a disorder in which a person is hemoglobin deficient. True False
  2. In what ancestral line is thalassemia most prevalent?
  3. Explain sickle ‐ cell anemia. In what race of people is it most common?
  4. ____________________________ is a disorder in which a person has a higher than normal hematocrit.
  5. If a person’s hematocrit is higher than normal, what is one possible consequence this may have upon the circulation of blood throughout the circulatory system?
  6. This is the movement of white blood cells out of blood vessels into the surrounding tissue. It is due to adhesion molecules on endothelial cells at the site of inflammation. A) Diapedesis B) Chemotaxis C) Endotaxis D) Leukodesis
  7. White blood cells exhibit ____________________ motion; movement by cytoplasmic extensions.
  8. __________________________ is the phenomenon in which bodily cells, bacteria and other single ‐ celled or even multi ‐ celled organisms direct their movements according to certain chemicals in their environment. White blood cells typically follow the trail of molecules released by damaged cells and gather at areas of tissue damage and infection to destroy foreign substances.
  9. What are the two major types of white blood cells?
  1. ______________________________ is the name of a condition in which there is a decreased platelet count.
  2. _____________________ is the stoppage of blood flow or loss.
  3. What three methods does the body have for stopping blood flow or loss? Explain them.
  4. Which is the most effective hemostatic mechanism?
  5. Explain Phase 1 of blood coagulation.
  6. Explain Phase 2 of blood coagulation.
  7. Explain Phase 3 of blood coagulation.
  1. Prothombin, an inactive enzyme made by the liver, is converted to thrombin, the active enzyme, by prothrombin activator and ______________________ ions.
  2. Fibrinogen; inactive, blood soluble and made by the liver, is converted to fibrin, insoluble in blood, by ____________________________ and calcium ions.
  3. Fibrin threads trap blood cells and form clots. The clot shrinks and squeezes out a fluid called ____________________.
  4. __________________________ is the breakdown of a clot.
  5. ______________________________________ (TPA) converts plasminogen to plasmin.
  6. An embolus is a clot that stays in place where it is formed in an unbroken blood vessel. True False
  7. When all or part of a clot dislodges and circulates in the bloodstream it results in a condition known as an ________________________.
  8. Would the smoothness/roughness of a surface effect the ability of a clot to form? If so, how?
  9. __________________________ from basophils and endothelial cells prevents clots by interfering with the formation of prothrombin activator.
  10. Blood contains _______________________ which oppose thrombin and prevent it from converting fibrinogen into fibrin.
  11. ___________________________ is a bleeding disorder in which small amounts of platelets cause spontaneous bleeding from small blood vessels all over the body.
  12. _____________________ is a hereditary bleeding disorder that typically affects males only.
  13. _________________________ is the clumping of red blood cells due to a reaction between an antigen and an antibody.
  1. Regarding question 118, in what real ‐ life situation might it be relevant? Explain.
  2. An _____________________ transfusion uses your own blood which is stored prior to surgery.
  3. The cardiovascular system consists of: A) Heart, Blood Vessels B) Heart, Lungs, Blood Vessels C) Heart, Liver, Blood Vessels D) Heart
  4. The ____________________ circuit is associated with the right side of the heart.
  5. The ____________________ circuit is associated with the left side of the heart.
  6. What are the major functions of the heart?
  7. The size of the heart varies with body size but it is most similar to the size of A) a softball. B) a cantaloupe. C) a brain. D) a person’s closed fist.
  1. Describe the location of the heart. In which direction is the apex oriented?
  2. The two coverings of the heart are the _______________________ pericardium and the _____________________ pericardium.
  3. The fibrous layer and serous layer are both layers of the parietal pericardium. True False
  4. What is the function of the fluid contained within the visceral pericardium?
  5. A _____________________________________ is the compression of the heart due to excess fluid in the pericardial cavity. It can be fatal if not removed by syringe.
  6. The three layers of the heart wall are the _________________________, __________________________ and the ___________________________.
  7. Describe each of the three layers of the heart. Note their components and appearance (if applicable.)
  8. The interior of the atrial walls shows woven (hair ‐ comb) ridges of cardiac muscle called ______________________________________. The woven nature of the muscle permits great strength of contraction with a minimum of muscle mass.
  9. The _________________________________ are rounded or irregular muscular columns (hair ‐ comb ridges) which project from the inner surface of the ventricle. Their purpose is to prevent suction that would occur with a flat ‐ surfaced membrane.
  10. The right side of the heart follows a path called the ____________________ circuit which receives blood from the body that is low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide.
  1. What is the function of a desmosome in cardiac muscle cell?
  2. The fact that cardiac muscle cells are mechanically, chemically and electrically connected to one another and thus behaves as a single, enormous muscle cell lends it the term functional _______________________. The result of this is that each myocyte can electrically stimulate its neighbor.
  3. Myocytes typically have less but larger mitochondria than skeletal muscle cells. True False
  4. Cardiac muscle fibers are ___________________ or autorhythmic. This means that they are self ‐ excitable and are able to contract on their own. They are, however, regulated by nerves to modify the rate.
  5. What is the function of the cardiac conduction system?
  6. What are the four major parts of the cardiac conduction system?
  7. The sinoatrial node produces faster impulses than the atrioventricular node. True False
  8. What is the function of the sinoatrial node and where is it located?
  9. What is the function of the atrioventricular node and where is it located?
  10. What is the function of the Bundle of His?
  1. What is the function of the Purkinje fibers? Where are they located?
  2. How do calcium channel blockers such as Norvasc (amlodipine), nifedipine, Sular (nisoldipine), Tiazac (diltiazem) and Verelan (verapamil) help treat tachycardia and arrhythmia?
  3. An _____________________________ is a graphic recording of the heart’s electrical changes during a cardiac cycle.
  4. In an ECG, what does the P wave signify about the cardiac cycle?
  5. In an ECG, what do the QRS sections collectively signify about the cardiac cycle?
  6. In the QRS sections of an ECG, atrial repolarization is obscured by ________________________________.
  7. In an ECG, what does the T wave signify about the cardiac cycle?
  8. An abnormal ECG that shows two P waves and indicates only one ventricular beat would indicate how many atrial beats?
  1. Outline each step of the cardiac cycle sequence.
  2. A ___________________________ is used to auscultate heart sounds.
  3. The _____________ is the first heart sound as is due to the closing of the bicuspid and tricuspide valves when the ventricles contract. This results in greater pressure in the ventricles than in the atria and a longer and louder sound.
  4. The _____________ is the second heart sound and is due to the closing of the pulmonary and aortic semi ‐ lunar valves during ventricular relaxation. It is often a shorter, softer and higher ‐ pitch sound.
  5. A ________________________________ is an abnormal heart sound due to incomplete closing of valves which results in blood leaking back through the valve.
  6. A __________________________________ is an instrument used to measure blood pressure in units of mmHg.
  7. ___________________________ (CO) is the amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle in one minute.
  8. Complete the following mathematical formula. CO = ___________________________ x ___________________________
  1. Define ‘stroke volume.’ What is the typical value?
  2. What is cardiac reserve?
  3. Intrinsic regulation of the heart depends on neural or hormone regulation. True False
  4. Preload, the stretching of the ventricular walls, is called the ___________________________ Law of the Heart.
  5. Explain preload and afterload, the two types of intrinsic regulation of the heart.
  6. Parasympathetic vagus nerves innervate the SA and AV nodes of the heart and stimulate by releasing a neurotransmitter called _____________________________. In opposition to its effects in skeletal muscle, this neurotransmitter slows SA and AV nodal activity which, in turn, slows down heart rate.
  7. Sympathetic accelerator (cardiac) nerves terminate at the SA and AV nodes of the heart. When stimulated, they secret a neurotransmitter called __________________________ which increases the rate and force of heart contraction.
  8. Explain how the cardiac control center of the brain works.