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Test 1
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Question 1 Your answer is CORRECT. What is biological evolution? a) Developmental^ changes^ that^ occur^ within^ a^ population^ resulting^ in^ phenotypic^ differences^ among offspring. b) Change^ in^ the^ phenotypes^ of^ individuals^ in^ a^ population^ during^ reproduction. c) Frequent^ changes^ in^ allele^ frequencies^ that^ occur^ within^ a^ single^ generation. d) Any^ change^ in^ the^ heritable^ traits^ within^ a^ population^ across^ generations. e) None^ of^ the^ above. Question 2 Your answer is CORRECT. Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection in the absence of what critical information? a) Evidence^ of^ variation^ in^ populations b) Biogeography c) Ecological^ interactions d) Mendelian^ genetics e) Biodiversity f) All^ of^ the^ above Question 3 Your answer is CORRECT. Evolutionary biologists, like most scientists, use two empirical approaches to study evolution: observation and manipulation. What is the difference between these approaches? a) Observation involves gathering data without making any changes in a natural system; manipulation requires changing one or more components of a system to determine their effects.
b) Observation^ involves^ only^ looking^ at^ natural^ systems^ and^ does^ not^ allow^ for^ inferences^ and^ predictions to be made based on those observations. c) Observation^ allows^ researchers^ to^ determine^ causal^ relationships^ among^ components^ in^ a^ system; manipulation allows only correlations to be determined. d) Observation requires intense use of a researcher's senses in order to accurately acquire data; manipulation lets researchers do less work to get the same data. e) There^ are^ no^ differences^ between^ these^ approaches;^ they^ are^ just^ different^ names^ for^ the^ same^ kinds^ of experiments. Question 4 Your answer is CORRECT. In describing the importance of Darwin's theory of evolution, Theodosius Dobzhanky argued that, a) we^ no^ longer^ need^ to^ invoke^ the^ supernatural^ for^ any^ cause. b) nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution. c) this theory of evolution changes the way we think of the Earth in the universe. d) evolution^ can^ now^ be^ used^ to^ control^ our^ destiny. Question 5 Your answer is CORRECT. Lamarck's theory of evolution, like others before, was a transformational theory, whereas Darwin's was a variational one. Why was this change in thinking so important? a) It^ made^ clear^ that^ the^ process^ of^ sorting^ preexisting^ variation^ was^ the^ mechanism^ for^ evolutionary change, rather than making changes in each member of the population. b) It proved that Larmarckian inheritance of acquired traits was not accurate. c) It demonstrated the power of evolution by natural selection by showing that any variation in a population can lead to increases in fit to the environment, whereas Larmarck's theory had no mechanism for adaptation. d) It^ provided^ a^ mechanism^ for^ evolution^ that^ did^ not^ rely^ on^ supernatural^ explanations. Question 6 Your answer is INCORRECT. According to the figure below, which of the following is true?
a) The^ individual^ that^ gave^ rise^ to^ birds^ and^ crocodilians. b) The most recent common ancestor to all tetrapods. c) The most recent common ancestor of birds and crocodilians. d) A^ population^ that^ would^ result^ from^ the^ hybridization^ of^ birds^ and^ crocodilians. Question 8 Your answer is CORRECT. The following figure shows a phenotypic space with two traits (X and Y) according to Fisher's geometric model. Considering the genotype that sits at the closed dot, the arrows represent mutations with different magnitudes and directions. Which of the following statements is correct?
a) All^ of^ the^ mutations^ are^ neutral. b) The^ two^ mutations^ pointing^ inside^ the^ circle^ are^ deleterious,^ the^ two^ pointing^ outside^ are^ beneficial. c) All^ of^ the^ mutations^ are^ beneficial. d) The^ two^ mutations^ pointing^ outside^ the^ circle^ are^ deleterious,^ the^ two^ pointing^ inside^ are^ beneficial. e) The smallest mutations are beneficial. Question 9 Your answer is CORRECT. The allele for polydactyly ( 6 fingers or toes) is dominant to the more common allele for 5 fingers. If 90 percent of the population has 5 fingers and 8 percent of the population is heterozygous, what is the frequency of the polydactyl allele? a)^0.^004 b)^0.^65 c) 0. 02 d) 0. 06 e) 0. 90 Question 10 Your answer is CORRECT. A very large population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium at a locus with two alleles, B and b. The frequency of the B allele is p. The B allele is dominant. Assuming the population mates at random with respect to this locus, and that there is no selection, mutation, or migration, what is the expected frequency of
e) Mutation^ results^ in^ new^ a^ alleles^ every^ generation. Question 13 Your answer is INCORRECT. Consider a locus with two alleles, A and a. The fitness of each genotype in four populations (a-d) is shown in the table below. If the initial frequency of the A allele is 0. 01 , in which population will the A allele go to fixation first? a) a b) b c) c d) d e) The^ A^ allele^ will^ fix^ at^ the^ same^ rate^ in^ populations^ a,^ b,^ and^ c. Question 14 Your answer is INCORRECT. Two alleles for abdomen color have been evolving neutrally for many generations in a population of spiders. The frequency of the dominant allele for brown abdomen is currently 0. 64. What is the probability that the brown allele will eventually become fixed in this population?
a)^0 b)^0.^50 c)^1 d)^0.^64 e)^0.^32 Question 15 Your answer is CORRECT. Which of the following is an example of a population bottleneck? a) A^ long-endangered^ species^ recovers^ and^ increases^ in^ population^ size. b) A^ large^ population^ of^ frogs^ is^ greatly^ reduced^ in^ size^ due^ to^ a^ drought. c) Butterfly^ migration^ patterns^ are^ disrupted^ by^ climate^ change. d) A^ beneficial^ mutation^ goes^ to^ fixation^ in^ a^ population. Question 16 Your answer is CORRECT. What two evolutionary forces are most likely responsible for the allele frequency changes shown in the colored lines of the graph below? a) Directional^ selection^ and^ genetic^ drift b) Heterozygote^ advantage^ and^ mutation c) Frequency^ dependent^ selection^ and^ directional^ selection d) Genetic drift and mutation
a) Frequency dependent selection b) Directional^ selection c) Heterozygote^ advantage d) Heritability^ of^ variation e) Genetic^ drift Question 19 Your answer is INCORRECT. Imagine an island archipelago where all of the islands are founded by individuals that are heterozygous at a particular locus. If there is no migration or mutation, and the alleles at that locus are neutral, what do you expect the island populations to look like after many generations? a) Some^ island^ populations^ will^ have^ fixed^ one^ allele,^ and^ other^ populations^ will^ have^ fixed^ the^ other allele. b) The populations on every island will have fixed the same allele. c) The island populations will have high levels of genetic diversity at this locus. d) We cannot assess the probability of any outcome because genetic drift is a random process. Question 20
Your answer is CORRECT. Stalk height in sunflowers is determined by two alleles at a locus, T and t. TT individuals are tall, Tt are medium, and tt are short. In a population that is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, we count 1 , 546 short plants out of 9 , 666. How many plants do you expect to be tall? a)^3 ,^480 b)^4 ,^640 c) 1 , 546 d) 0. 36 e)^2 ,^314 Question 21 Your answer is CORRECT. Which of the following statements is true? a) Somatic^ mutations^ can^ lead^ to^ evolutionary^ change,^ but^ germline^ mutations^ cannot. b) Germline mutations can lead to evolutionary change, but somatic mutations cannot. c) Both germline and somatic mutations can lead to evolutionary change. d) Deleterious mutations in the germline cannot lead to evolutionary change. e) Neither^ germline^ nor^ somatic^ mutations^ can^ lead^ to^ evolutionary^ change. Question 22 Your answer is INCORRECT. In a population of giraffes, you find that 65 % are heterozygotes at a locus that controls neck length. Is this population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? a) No,^ because^ the^ proportion^ of^ heterozygotes^ exceeds^ the^ maximum^ number^ possible^ under^ HWE. b) No,^ because^ it^ is^ not^ possible^ for^ there^ to^ be^ fewer^ than^35 %^ of^ homozygote^ dominant^ genotypes^ in^ a population under HWE. c) Yes,^ because^ the^ proportion^ of^ heterozygotes^ matches^ the^ expectation^ under^ HWE. d) Yes,^ because^ neck^ length^ in^ giraffes^ is^ not^ under^ selection. e) Maybe,^ it^ depends^ on^ the^ frequency^ of^ the^ recessive^ homozygotes. Question 23
a) There^ is^ no^ difference^ between^ the^ populations;^ the^ differences^ in^ the^ graphs^ are^ due^ to^ chance. b) The^ populations^ in^ the^ graph^ on^ top^ have^ a^ longer^ generation^ time^ than^ the^ population^ in^ the^ bottom graph. c) The^ populations^ in^ the^ graph^ on^ top^ are^ experiencing^ genetic^ drift;^ the^ populations^ in^ the^ graph^ on bottom are experiencing directional selection. d) The^ population^ sizes^ in^ the^ graph^ on^ top^ are^ smaller^ than^ the^ population^ sizes^ in^ the^ graph^ on^ the bottom. Question 25 Your answer is INCORRECT. Which of the following can generate variation in a population? a) Frequency^ dependent^ selection b) Whole^ genome^ duplication c) Genetic^ drift d) Fixation^ of^ beneficial^ alleles e) None^ of^ the^ above.
