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Biology of Invertebrates (Biol. 241) Name_______________
EXAM III
In a few words distinguish between the following (3 pt each; 15 total)
- Fly compound eye and squid camera eye in terms of their capabilities
- insect larva and an insect nymph
- resilin and hirudin
- cyclomorphosis and cyclic parthenogenesis with examples for each
- Eusociality in ants and eusociality in termites
B. Match a taxon to the most appropriate description below (2 pt; 16 total)
Polycheta, Oligocheta, Pogonophora, Echiura, Sipuncula, Chilopoda, Chelicerata, Insecta,
Crustacea, Rotifera, Acanthocephala
- _Mouth and digestive system lacking in the free-living adult
7. _
Cephalic circle of cilia that move in metachronal waves
8. _
With a single large body coelom that in some is used to create a feeding current
- _With maxillipeds modified as "fangs" that inject poison
- _ The typical larva is the nauplius
- _Head as a prostomium and peristromium provided with an eversible pharynx
- _With four pairs of thoracic legs and no abdominal appendages
- _With an introvert that folds inward into the body cavity
C. In your role as scientific expert in a mission to unexplored regions of the Amazon
rainforest you discover a new arthropod species living in the canopy of the rainforest.
The animal has 3 pairs of walking legs and two pairs of wings and is clearly an insect but
upon closer examination you find that it has biramous legs!
- Why might the biramous condition of the legs in this new species be significant to
our understanding of the phylogenetic relationships among the different arthropod
groups? (5 pt)
- Based on these initial observations of appendages, which of the four phylogenetic
schemes depicted by the cladograms below would your new discovery be most
consistent with? Explain why.(2 pt)
- Other aspects of the animal must be examined before a final conclusion can be
reached about your discovery's implications to our understanding of arthropod
phylogeny. What other morphological characters would you examine to further explore
this question? Explain why these characters (at least 3) are pertinent to your evaluation
of the cladograms below. (6 pt)
Alternative Views of ArthropodPhylogeny
Chelicerata
Crustacea
Myriapoda
Hexapoda
Chelicerata
Myriapoda
Crustacea
Hexapoda
Chelicerata
Crustacea
Myriapoda
Hexapoda
Chelicerata
Crustacea
Myriapoda
Hexapoda
D. Answer four of the next five questions in a few sentences (7 pt each 28 pts)
D. Answer 2 of 3 in a paragraph or two. Be SPECIFIC in answering and
provide examples when appropriate (14 pt; 28 total)
- Consider the major challenges met by organisms making the transition from an
aquatic environment to a terrestrial environment? What were the most severe of these
challenges (three important ones should do). How were they met by annelids and
arthropods and to what extent were they successful in conquering these challenges?
- In an evolutionary context, the functioning of an organism is said to be determined
to a great extent by its morphology (i.e. Function follows form). Contrast the locomotion
of errant polychetes, earthworms (oligochetes) and leeches (Hirudinea) and explain how
their respective strategies are a function of the attributes and limitations of their
individual body plan.
- The concept of limb serial homology plays a major part in our current understanding
of the origin of insect wings. Construct an analysis that shows the relationship between
these two phenomena. Your analysis should (i) provide a context on the debate of the
evolution of insect flight and its two competing theories, (ii) describe the evidence from
insect ecology and genetics that supports our current understanding of wing origins, and
(iii) explain what all this has to do with the concept of serial homology.
