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2025 NURS 8022 EXAM 1 PATHO| 150Qs&As|ALREADY GRADED A+|NURS8022 EXAM 1 2025-2026
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Negative Feedback Promotes stability; cancels out the original response. Ex: High FSBS, increased insulin by the pancreas Positive Feedback Promotes a change in one direction; instability, DISEASE. Ex: Blood clotting, platelet cascade Proteins Provide selectivity to a membrane Integral proteins channels, pores, carriers, enzymes, receptors, second messengers Peripheral proteins Enzymes, intracellular, signal mediatiors
Converted to ADP to produce energy; chemical bonds between 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups have abundant energy Simple/passive diffusion Occurs down a concentration gradient; from HIGH to LOW concentration Simple/passive diffusion Diffuse from high to lower pressure; diffusion will not occur if the membrane is non permeable to the molecule Factors that affect the net rate of diffusion
H+ ATPase
Ungated Ion Channels determined by size, shape, distribution of charge Gated Ion Channels
Threshold potential Membrane potential at which occurrence of the AP is inevitable Overshoot Portion of the AP where the membrane potential is positive (cell interior is positive) Undershoot Also called hyper polarizing after potential; the portion of the AP, followed by repolarization where at membrane potential is more negative than at rest. Inward current Flow of positive charge into the cell These currents depolarize the membrane potential (or make it less negative and more positive) Ex: Na+ flow into the cell during the UPSTROKE of the AP Outward Current
Flow of positive charge out of the cell; these currents hyper polarize the membrane potential (making the membrane more negative and less positive) Example: flow of K+ out of the cell during the depolarization phase of AP, creating down stroke depolarization NA+ moves in Repolarization K+ moves out Mylenation Myelin decreased ion flow through the membrane Schwann Cells Surround the nerve axon forming a myelin sheath Node of Ranvier
Neutrotransmitter binds to... receptors on postsynaptic membrane Excitatory Will cause depolarization of postsynaptic cell (more positive) Inhibitory Will cause hyper polarization of the postsynaptic cell (making the cell negative) Neuromuscular Transmission specialized synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber Where does synapse occur? On the motor end plate
Opening of the nACh receptor channels produces: An end plate potential; which will normally initiate an AP if the local spread of current is sufficient to open voltage sodium channels. Inhibitor drug: Curariform drugs (D-turbocurarie) Block nicotinic Ach channels by competing for AcH binding site reduces ampltitude of end plate potential therefore no AP Inhibitor drug: Botulinum toxin Decreases the release of AcH from nerve terminals Insufficient stimulus to initiate an AP. AcH like drugs (Methacholine, carbachol, nicotine) bind and activate nicotinic AcH receptors Not destroyed by AcHE- prolonged effect Anti AcHe drugs (neostigmine, physostigmine, diisopropyl flurophosphate or "nerve gas") inactivate acetylcholinesterace; can treat MG
Troponin I Along with tropomyosin inhibits the interaction of actin and myosin by covering myosin binding site of actin Troponin C is a Ca2+ binding protein that plays central role in the initiation of contraction What is important in excitation contraction coupling? CALCIUM! Relaxation in muscle contraction As long as intracellular Ca2+ is low, cross bridge cycling cannot occur and muscle relaxes Tetanus The intracellular Ca2+ contraction never returns to the low levels that exist during relaxation; results in continued binding of Ca2+ to troponin C
Hypertrophy Increase in actin and myosin Hyperplasia Formation of new muscle fibers (endurance training) Lengthening of muscles Increased shortening capacity; increased contraction velocity Smooth Muscle Involuntary muscle found inside many internal organs of the body; has NO TROPONIN complex 2 Major Neurotranmitters in smooth muscle Ach and norepinephrine; excitatory and inhibitory How is smooth muscle controlled?
decrease in cell size hypertrophy increase in cell size Hyperplasia increase in number of cells Metaplasia Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type Dysplasia abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs; does not indicate cancer Hypertrophy excessive development; increased work demand or hormones
Hyperplasia Increased rate of cell division; liver Pathophysiology of Cellular Injury
Mercury Fishand dental amalgames; nursing women should avoid Social or street drugs meth, marijuana, cocaine, heroin Physical injury Unintential and intentional injury; falls, MVC, wounds Infectious injuries Pathogenicity of a microorganism Disease-producing potential Invasion and destruction Toxin production Production of hypersensitivity reactions immunologic and inflammatory injury
Phagocytic cells Immune and inflammatory substances Histamine, antibodies, lymphokines, complement, and proteases Membrane alterations Infections genetic and epigenetic factors Nuclear alterations; alterations in plasma membrane Injurous nutritional imbalance proteins, carbs, lipids, vitamins Temp extremes and climate change Hypothermic and hyperthermic injury Ionizing radiation enough energy to dislodge electrons from atoms, forming ions; capable of causing cancer (gamma, X-rays, UV)