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2025 NURS 8022 EXAM 1 PATHO| 150Qs&As|ALREADY GRADED A+|NURS8022 EXAM 1 2025-2026, Exams of Pathophysiology

2025 NURS 8022 EXAM 1 PATHO| 150Qs&As|ALREADY GRADED A+|NURS8022 EXAM 1 2025-2026

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 05/19/2025

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2025-2026 NURS 8022 EXAM 1 PATHO|
150Qs&As|ALREADY GRADED A+
Negative Feedback
Promotes stability; cancels out the original response. Ex: High FSBS, increased
insulin by the pancreas
Positive Feedback
Promotes a change in one direction; instability, DISEASE. Ex: Blood clotting,
platelet cascade
Proteins
Provide selectivity to a membrane
Integral proteins
channels, pores, carriers, enzymes, receptors, second messengers
Peripheral proteins
Enzymes, intracellular, signal mediatiors
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Download 2025 NURS 8022 EXAM 1 PATHO| 150Qs&As|ALREADY GRADED A+|NURS8022 EXAM 1 2025-2026 and more Exams Pathophysiology in PDF only on Docsity!

2025 - 2026 NURS 8022 EXAM 1 PATHO|

150Qs&As|ALREADY GRADED A+

Negative Feedback Promotes stability; cancels out the original response. Ex: High FSBS, increased insulin by the pancreas Positive Feedback Promotes a change in one direction; instability, DISEASE. Ex: Blood clotting, platelet cascade Proteins Provide selectivity to a membrane Integral proteins channels, pores, carriers, enzymes, receptors, second messengers Peripheral proteins Enzymes, intracellular, signal mediatiors

ATP

Converted to ADP to produce energy; chemical bonds between 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups have abundant energy Simple/passive diffusion Occurs down a concentration gradient; from HIGH to LOW concentration Simple/passive diffusion Diffuse from high to lower pressure; diffusion will not occur if the membrane is non permeable to the molecule Factors that affect the net rate of diffusion

  1. Concentration difference (high to low)
  2. Electrical Potential (EMF)- charge difference on each side of the membrane matters TOO!
  3. Pressure difference (higher pressure results in increased energy) Osmosis

H+ ATPase

  • Found in parietal cells of gastric glands (HCl secretion) and intercalated cells of renal tubules (controls blood pH)
  • Concentrates H+ ions up to 1 million-fold Remember: Sodium Potassium Pump sodium is pumped out of the cell; potassium is pumped in... Secondary Active Transport; Co-transport Co-transport: Substance is transported in the same direction as the "driver" ion (Na+) Counter transport Substance is transported in the opposite direction as the driver ion Na+ How do cardiac glycosides increase cardiac contractility? Increase intracellular Ca2+

Ungated Ion Channels determined by size, shape, distribution of charge Gated Ion Channels

  • volgate (e.g.) Voltage dependent Na+ channels)
  • Chemically (e.g. Nicotinic AcH receptor channels) Ion Channels Conductance depends on probability that channel is open. Equilibrium Potential the diffusion potential that exactly balances or opposes the tendency for diffusion down the concentration difference. If a membrane were permeable to only K+ then... K+ would diffuse down its concentration gradient until the electrical potential across the membrane countered diffusion. (moving from inside the cell down its concentration gradient to the outside of the cell).

Threshold potential Membrane potential at which occurrence of the AP is inevitable Overshoot Portion of the AP where the membrane potential is positive (cell interior is positive) Undershoot Also called hyper polarizing after potential; the portion of the AP, followed by repolarization where at membrane potential is more negative than at rest. Inward current Flow of positive charge into the cell These currents depolarize the membrane potential (or make it less negative and more positive) Ex: Na+ flow into the cell during the UPSTROKE of the AP Outward Current

Flow of positive charge out of the cell; these currents hyper polarize the membrane potential (making the membrane more negative and less positive) Example: flow of K+ out of the cell during the depolarization phase of AP, creating down stroke depolarization NA+ moves in Repolarization K+ moves out Mylenation Myelin decreased ion flow through the membrane Schwann Cells Surround the nerve axon forming a myelin sheath Node of Ranvier

Neutrotransmitter binds to... receptors on postsynaptic membrane Excitatory Will cause depolarization of postsynaptic cell (more positive) Inhibitory Will cause hyper polarization of the postsynaptic cell (making the cell negative) Neuromuscular Transmission specialized synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber Where does synapse occur? On the motor end plate

Opening of the nACh receptor channels produces: An end plate potential; which will normally initiate an AP if the local spread of current is sufficient to open voltage sodium channels. Inhibitor drug: Curariform drugs (D-turbocurarie) Block nicotinic Ach channels by competing for AcH binding site reduces ampltitude of end plate potential therefore no AP Inhibitor drug: Botulinum toxin Decreases the release of AcH from nerve terminals Insufficient stimulus to initiate an AP. AcH like drugs (Methacholine, carbachol, nicotine) bind and activate nicotinic AcH receptors Not destroyed by AcHE- prolonged effect Anti AcHe drugs (neostigmine, physostigmine, diisopropyl flurophosphate or "nerve gas") inactivate acetylcholinesterace; can treat MG

Troponin I Along with tropomyosin inhibits the interaction of actin and myosin by covering myosin binding site of actin Troponin C is a Ca2+ binding protein that plays central role in the initiation of contraction What is important in excitation contraction coupling? CALCIUM! Relaxation in muscle contraction As long as intracellular Ca2+ is low, cross bridge cycling cannot occur and muscle relaxes Tetanus The intracellular Ca2+ contraction never returns to the low levels that exist during relaxation; results in continued binding of Ca2+ to troponin C

Hypertrophy Increase in actin and myosin Hyperplasia Formation of new muscle fibers (endurance training) Lengthening of muscles Increased shortening capacity; increased contraction velocity Smooth Muscle Involuntary muscle found inside many internal organs of the body; has NO TROPONIN complex 2 Major Neurotranmitters in smooth muscle Ach and norepinephrine; excitatory and inhibitory How is smooth muscle controlled?

decrease in cell size hypertrophy increase in cell size Hyperplasia increase in number of cells Metaplasia Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type Dysplasia abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs; does not indicate cancer Hypertrophy excessive development; increased work demand or hormones

Hyperplasia Increased rate of cell division; liver Pathophysiology of Cellular Injury

  1. ATP depletion
  2. Oxygen and oxygen deprived free radicals
  3. Intracellular calcium increases.
  4. Defects in membrane permeability Hypoxic injury Ischemia- arteriosclerosis and thrombosis common causes Anxoia- total lack of oxygen (MI or embolism) Cellular responses- decrease in ATP, causing failure of sodium potassium pump ; CELL SWELLING Reperfusion injury- additional injury occurs when O2 is restored Free radicals and reactive oxygen species Electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having an unpaired electron that damage:

Mercury Fishand dental amalgames; nursing women should avoid Social or street drugs meth, marijuana, cocaine, heroin Physical injury Unintential and intentional injury; falls, MVC, wounds Infectious injuries Pathogenicity of a microorganism Disease-producing potential Invasion and destruction Toxin production Production of hypersensitivity reactions immunologic and inflammatory injury

Phagocytic cells Immune and inflammatory substances Histamine, antibodies, lymphokines, complement, and proteases Membrane alterations Infections genetic and epigenetic factors Nuclear alterations; alterations in plasma membrane Injurous nutritional imbalance proteins, carbs, lipids, vitamins Temp extremes and climate change Hypothermic and hyperthermic injury Ionizing radiation enough energy to dislodge electrons from atoms, forming ions; capable of causing cancer (gamma, X-rays, UV)