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Advanced Pathophysiology
2025 NSG 5003 Week 5 Quiz/Midterm SOUTH UNIVERSITY
LATEST FULLY SOLVED GRADED A+ 100% ACCURATE (
QUESTION) Advanced Pathophysiology VERIFIED ANSWERS
What causes the rapid change in the resting membrane
potential to initiate an action potential?
Question 1 options:
Potassium gates open and potassium rushes into the cell, changing the membrane potential from negative to positive Sodium gates open and sodium rushes into the cell, changing the membrane potential from negative to positive. Sodium gates close, allowing potassium into the cell to change the membrane potential from positive to negative. Potassium gates close, allowing sodium into the cell to change the membrane potential from positive to negative. Save Question 2 (5 points)
What is a consequence of leakage of lysosomal enzymes
during chemical injury?
Question 2 options:
Enzymatic digestion of the nucleus and nucleolus occurs, halting deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis. Influx of potassium ions into the mitochondria occurs, halting the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. Edema of the Golgi body occurs, preventing the transport of proteins out of the cell. Shift of calcium out of the plasma membrane occurs, destroying the cytoskeleton. Save Question 3 (5 points)
Advanced Pathophysiology
In hypoxic injury, sodium enters the cell and causes swelling
because:
Advanced Pathophysiology Epinephrine bound to mast cells Acetylcholine bound to mast cells Save Question 6 (5 points)
What is the mechanism that results in type II hypersensitivity
reactions?
Question 6 options:
Antibodies coat mast cells by binding to receptors that signal its degranulation, followed by a discharge of preformed mediators. Antibodies bind to soluble antigens that were released into body fluids, and the immune complexes are then deposited in the tissues. Cytotoxic T (Tc) lymphocytes or lymphokine-producing helper T 1 (Th1) cells directly attack and destroy cellular targets. Antibodies bind to the antigens on the cell surface. Save Question 7 (5 points)
Type III hypersensitivity reactions are a result of which of the
following?
Question 7 options:
Antibodies coating mast cells by binding to receptors that signal its degranulation, followed by the discharge of preformed mediators Antibodies binding to soluble antigens that were released into body fluids and the immune complexes being deposited in the tissues Cytotoxic T (Tc) cells or lymphokine-producing helper T 1 (Th1) cells directly attacking and destroying cellular targets
Advanced Pathophysiology Antibodies binding to the antigen on the cell surface Save Question 8 (5 points)
Tissue damage caused by the deposition of circulating
immune complexes containing an antibody against the host
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the cause of which disease?
Question 8 options:
Hemolytic anemia Pernicious anemia Systemic lupus erythematosus Myasthenia gravis Save Question 9 (5 points)
Why does tissue damage occur in acute rejection after organ
transplantation?
Question 9 options:
Th1 cells release cytokines that activate infiltrating macrophages, and cytotoxic T (Tc) cells directly attack the endothelial cells of the transplanted tissue. Circulating immune complexes are deposited in the endothelial cells of transplanted tissue, where the complement cascade lyses tissue. Receptors on natural killer (NK) cells recognize antigens on the cell surface of the transplanted tissue, which releases lysosomal enzymes that destroy tissue. Antibodies coat the surface of the transplanted tissue to which mast cells bind and liberate preformed chemical mediators that destroy tissue. Save
Advanced Pathophysiology
Regarding the endothelium, what is the difference between
healthy vessel walls and those that promote clot formation?
Question 12 options:
Inflammation and roughening of the endothelium of the artery Hypertrophy and vasoconstriction of the endothelium of the artery Excessive clot formation and lipid accumulation in the endothelium of the artery Evidence of age-related changes that weaken the endothelium of the artery Save Question 13 (5 points)
What is the expected electrocardiogram (ECG) pattern when a
thrombus in a coronary artery permanently lodges in the
vessel and the infarction extends through the myocardium
from the endocardium to the epicardium?
Question 13 options:
Prolonged QT interval ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) ST depression myocardial infarction (STDMI) Non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (non-STEMI) Save Question 14 (5 points)
A patient reports sudden onset of severe chest pain that
radiates to the back and worsens with respiratory movement
and when the patient is lying down. These clinical
manifestations describe:
Advanced Pathophysiology
Question 14 options:
Myocardial infarction (MI) Pericardial effusion Restrictive pericarditis Acute pericarditis Save Question 15 (5 points)
Respirations that are characterized by alternating periods of
deep and shallow breathing are a result of which respiratory
mechanism?
Question 15 options:
Decreased blood flow to the medulla oblongata Increased partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2), decreased acid-base balance (pH), and decreased partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) Stimulation of stretch or J-receptors Fatigue of the intercostal muscles and diaphragm Save Question 16 (5 points)
Which cytokines activated in childhood asthma produce an
allergic response?
Question 16 options:
IL-1, IL-2, and interferon-alpha (IFN-α) L-8, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor–alpha (TNF-α)
Advanced Pathophysiology obstructs the airways, the pancreas, the sweat ducts, and the vas deferens A pulmonary disorder characterized by atelectasis and increased pulmonary resistance as a result of a surfactant deficiency Save Question 19 (5 points)
What are the abnormalities in cytokines found in children with
cystic fibrosis?
Question 19 options:
A deficit of IL- 1 and an excess of IL-4, IL-12, and interferon-alpha (IFN-α) A deficit of IL- 6 and an excess of IL-2, IL-8, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) A deficit of IL- 10 and an excess of IL-1, IL-8, and TNF-α A deficit of IL- 3 and an excess of IL-14, IL-24, and colony-stimulating factor (CSF) Save Question 20 (5 points)
Examination of the throat in a child demonstrating signs and
symptoms of acute epiglottitis may contribute to which life-
threatening complication?
Question 20 options:
Retropharyngeal abscess Laryngospasms Rupturing of the tonsils Gagging induced aspiration Save
Advanced Pathophysiology Question 21 (5 points)
Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression
of which diseases?
Question 21 options:
Cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension and ischemic heart disease Renal diseases, such as acute tubular necrosis and glomerulonephritis Gastrointestinal diseases, such as peptic ulcer disease and Crohn disease Muscular diseases, such as muscular dystrophy and fibromyalgia Save Question 22 (5 points)
What is a consequence of plasma membrane damage to the
mitochondria?
Question 22 options:
Enzymatic digestion halts deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis. Influx of calcium ions halts adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. Edema from an influx in sodium causes a reduction in ATP production. Potassium shifts out of the mitochondria, which destroys the infrastructure. Save Question 23 (5 points)
In addition to osmosis, what force is involved in the movement
of water between the plasma and interstitial fluid spaces?
Question 23 options:
Oncotic pressure
Advanced Pathophysiology The capillary oncotic pressure is lower than the interstitial hydrostatic pressure. Save Question 26 (5 points)
Secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and the perception of
thirst are stimulated by:
Question 26 options:
A decrease in serum sodium An increase in plasma osmolality An increase in the glomerular filtration rate A decrease in osmoreceptor stimulation Save Question 27 (5 points)
Some older adults have impaired inflammation and wound
healing because of which problem?
Question 27 options:
The circulatory system cannot adequately perfuse tissues. Complement and chemotaxis are deficient. Underlying chronic illnesses exist. The number of mast cells is insufficient. Save Question 28 (5 points)
Lead poisoning affects the nervous system by:
Advanced Pathophysiology
Question 28 options:
Interfering with the function of neurotransmitters Inhibiting the production of myelin around the nerves Increasing the resting membrane potential Altering the transport of potassium into the nerves Save Question 29 (5 points)
Carbon monoxide causes tissue damage by:
Question 29 options:
Competing with carbon dioxide so that it cannot be excreted Binding to hemoglobin so that it cannot carry oxygen Destroying the chemical bonds of hemoglobin so it cannot carry oxygen Removing iron from hemoglobin so it cannot carry oxygen Save Question 30 (5 points)
Which statement is true regarding the difference between
subdural hematoma and epidural hematoma?
Question 30 options:
No difference exists, and these terms may be correctly used interchangeably. A subdural hematoma occurs above the dura, whereas an epidural hematoma occurs under the dura. A subdural hematoma is often the result of shaken baby syndrome, whereas an epidural hematoma rapidly forms as a result of a skull fracture.
Advanced Pathophysiology
Question 33 options:
Hemoglobin Ferritin Iron Transferrin Save Question 34 (5 points)
What two types of hearing loss are associated with noise?
Question 34 options:
Acoustic trauma and noise induced High frequency and low frequency High frequency and acoustic trauma Noise induced and low frequency Save Question 35 (5 points)
What type of necrosis results from ischemia of neurons and
glial cells?
Question 35 options:
Coagulative Liquefactive Caseous
Advanced Pathophysiology Gangrene Save Question 36 (5 points)
During cell injury caused by hypoxia, sodium and water move
into the cell because:
Question 36 options:
Potassium moves out of the cell, and potassium and sodium are inversely related. The pump that transports sodium out of the cell cannot function because of a decrease in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels. The osmotic pressure is increased, which pulls additional sodium across the cell membrane. Oxygen is not available to bind with sodium to maintain it outside of the cell. Save Question 37 (5 points)
In decompression sickness, emboli are formed by bubbles of:
Question 37 options:
Oxygen Nitrogen Carbon monoxide Hydrogen Save Question 38 (5 points)
What is an example of compensatory hyperplasia?
Advanced Pathophysiology It decreases mast cell function and decreases platelet aggregation. Save
