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2024 AQA A-Level PHYSICS 7408 /3B Paper 3 Section B
Verified Question Paper and Marking Scheme Attached June 2024
A
PHYSICS
Paper 3
Section B Astrophysics Monday 17 June 2024 Morning
Materials
For this paper you must have:
- a pencil and a ruler
- a scientific calculator
- a Data and Formulae Booklet
- a protractor.
Instructions
- Use black ink or black ball-point pen.
- Fill in the boxes at the top of this page.
- Answer all questions.
Time allowed: The total time for both
sections of this paper is 2 hours. You are advised to spend approximately 50 minutes on this section.
- You must answer the questions in the spaces provided. Do not write outside the
box around each page or on blank pages.
- If you need extra space for your answer(s), use the lined pages at the end of this book. Write
the question number against your answer(s).
- Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want to be marked.
- Show all your working.
Information
- The marks for questions are shown in brackets.
- The maximum mark for this paper is 35.
- You are expected to use a scientific calculator where appropriate.
- A Data and Formulae Booklet is provided as a loose insert.
For Examiner’s Use Question Mark 1 2 3 4 TOTAL
Do not write outside the Section B
Answer all questions in this section.
box
(^0 1) A student uses a refracting telescope in normal adjustment to make observations of Jupiter.
The telescope has an angular magnification of 75
. 1 The eyepiece has a focal length of 22 mm.
Determine the distance between the eyepiece and the objective lens.
[2 marks]
distance = m
0 1. 2 When viewed through the telescope, the image of Jupiter subtends an angle of 1.7 × 10−^2
rad.
Calculate, in km, the distance between the Earth and Jupiter. mean radius
of Jupiter = 7.0 × 10^4 km
[2 marks]
distance = km
Do not write outside the Turn over ► box
Do not write outside the (^0 2) The apparent change in position of a nearby star relative to distant stars is due to an box
effect known as parallax.
Figure 2 shows how parallax arises. As the Earth moves from point P to point Q , an
observer on the Earth sees the position of a nearby star S change in relation to distant
stars.
Figure 2
Angle A is the parallax angle. This angle can be used to determine the distance to a
nearby star, provided that the relative motion between the star and the Sun is
negligible between observations.
. 1 The distance from the Sun to S is 79 ly.
The Earth takes 6 months to move from point P to point Q.
Calculate, in degrees, angle A.
[2 marks]
A = °
Do not write outside the 0 3. (^1) Figure 3 shows the variation of intensity with wavelength for a star.^ box
Figure 3
Show that Figure 3 is consistent with a black-body temperature of about 6.0 × 10
3
K.
[2 marks]
. 2 The radius of the star is 9.6 × 10
6
m.
Calculate the power output of the star.
[2 marks]
power output = W
Do not write outside the 3
. Which row gives the type and spectral class of the star?
Tick (✓) one box.
[1 mark]
box
. The light from the star passes through an interstellar dust cloud before reaching Earth.
The reduction in intensity when light passes through a dust cloud is assumed to be
inversely proportional to the wavelength of the light.
An astronomer on the Earth estimates the black-body temperature of the star.
Discuss the effect that the dust cloud has on this estimate.
[2 marks]
Turn over ►
Type of star Spectral class
white dwarf F
main sequence G
red giant K
main sequence F
red giant G
white dwarf K
Do not write outside the
Turn over ►
(^0 4) The Earth is in the galaxy known as the Milky Way. The Andromeda Galaxy is one of^ box
the closest galaxies to the Milky Way.
. 1 The Andromeda Galaxy approaches the Milky Way at a speed of 110 km s
− 1 .
The distance between the galaxies is 770 kpc.
Discuss whether these data can be used to estimate an age for the Universe.
[2 marks]
0 4. 2 There is a supermassive black hole at the centre of the Andromeda Galaxy. The
mass of this black hole is 1.60 × 10
8 solar masses.
Calculate the radius of the event horizon of this black hole.
State an appropriate unit for your answer.
[3 marks]
radius =
unit =
Question 4 continues on the next page
Do not write outside the box
Do not write outside the (^0 4). 3 Scientists predict that a quasar will be produced as the Milky Way and the Andromeda box
Galaxy merge.
Explain what is meant by a quasar.
Go on to suggest why a quasar may be produced as galaxies merge.
In your answer you should:
- describe the typical properties of a quasar
- explain how observations of quasars provide evidence for these properties
- suggest the process of quasar formation that is likely when two galaxies merge. [6 marks]
There are no questions printed on this page
DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE
ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED
Do not write outside the box
Do not write outside the box Question
number
Additional page, if required. Write the question numbers in the left-hand margin.
Do not write outside the box Question
number
Additional page, if required. Write the question numbers in the left-hand margin.
Do not write outside the There are no questions printed on this page
DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE
ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED
box
.
2 Version 1.
Particle Physics Waves
Properties of quarks
antiquarks have opposite signs
Type Charge
Baryon
number
Strangeness
u +^
2
e
3
1
3
d −^
1
e
3
1
3
s
1
e
3
1
3
Properties of Leptons
Lepton number
Particles: e
e ;^
−
Antiparticles: e+, e,
Photons and energy levels
Mechanics
moments (^) moment = 𝐹𝑑
velocity and acceleration
equations of
motion
𝑣^2 = 𝑢^2 + 2 𝑎𝑠
𝑎𝑡^2
force 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎
force
impulse 𝐹 Δ𝑡 = Δ(𝑚𝑣)
work, energy and power
𝑊 = 𝐹 𝑠 cos 𝜃
1 𝐸k = 𝑚 𝑣^2 2
Δ𝐸p = 𝑚𝑔Δℎ
∆𝑊 , 𝑃 = 𝐹 ∆𝑡
Materials
photon energy
photoelectricity ℎ𝑓 = ϕ + 𝐸k (max)
energy levels (^) ℎ𝑓 = 𝐸 1 – 𝐸 2
de Broglie wavelength
Class Name Symbol (^) Rest energy/MeV
photon photon 𝛾 0
lepton neutrino v e 0
v 0
electron e
muon
mesons (^) meson
0
K meson K
K
0
baryons proton (^) p 938.
neutron (^) n 939.
wave speed 𝑐 = 𝑓𝜆 period
first harmonic
fringe spacing
diffraction grating
𝑑 sin 𝜃 = 𝑛
refractive index of a substance s , 𝑛 =
𝑐
𝑐s
for two different substances of refractive indices n 1 and n 2 ,
law of refraction 𝑛 1 sin 𝜃 1 = 𝑛 2 sin 𝜃 2
critical angle sin 𝜃 =
𝑛 2
for 𝑛 > 𝑛
c (^) 𝑛 1
1 2
density 𝜌 =
𝑚
𝑉
Hooke’s law 𝐹 = 𝑘 Δ𝐿
Young modulus =
𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
𝐹 tensile stress = 𝐴 ∆𝐿 tensile strain = 𝐿
energy stored 𝐸 =
1
2
Version 1.7 3
AQA A-LEVEL PHYSICS DATA AND FORMULAE
Electricity
current and pd
resistivity
resistors in series (^) 𝑅T = 𝑅 1 + 𝑅 2 + 𝑅 3 + …
resistors in parallel
1
1
1
1
power
2
𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼 = 𝐼^2 𝑅 =
emf
Gravitational fields
force between two masses
𝑟^2
gravitational field strength
magnitude of gravitational
field strength in a radial field
𝑟^2
work done Δ𝑊 = 𝑚Δ𝑉
gravitational potential
Electric fields and capacitors
Circular motion
force between two 1 𝑄 1 𝑄 2
point charges
4 𝜋𝜀 0 𝑟^2
force on a charge 𝐹 = 𝐸𝑄
field strength for a 𝑉
uniform field
work done
𝑟
Simple harmonic motion
field strength for a radial field
𝑟^2
electric potential (^) 𝑉 =
field strength (^) 𝐸 =
capacitance (^) 𝐶 =
capacitor energy
0 r 𝑑
1 1 1 𝑄^2
stored
𝐶𝑉^2 =
Thermal physics
capacitor charging 𝑄 = 𝑄 0 (1 − e
decay of charge (^) 𝑄 = 𝑄 0 e 𝑅𝐶
energy to change temperature
time constant 𝑅𝐶
energy to change
state
gas law (^) 𝑝𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇
kinetic theory model
𝑝𝑉 = 𝑁𝑚 (𝑐rms)^2 3
kinetic energy of gas molecule
𝑚 (𝑐rms)^2 = 𝑘𝑇 = 2 2 2 𝑁A
magnitude of angular speed
centripetal acceleration
𝑣^2
𝑎 = = 𝜔^2 𝑟
centripetal force
𝑚𝑣^2
𝐹 = = 𝑚𝜔^2
acceleration 𝑎 = − 𝜔^2 𝑥
displacement 𝑥 = 𝐴 cos (𝜔𝑡)
speed 𝑣 = ± 𝜔 �(𝐴^2 − 𝑥^2 )
maximum speed (^) 𝑣max = 𝜔𝐴
maximum acceleration 𝑎max = 𝜔^2 𝐴
for a mass-spring system
for a simple pendulum
