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Guidelines and tips
Guidelines and tips

19 Problems on Educational Psychology - Study Guide m | EDU 272, Study notes of History of Education

Material Type: Notes; Professor: Valiante; Class: Educational Psychology; Subject: Education; University: Rollins College; Term: Unknown 1989;

Typology: Study notes

Pre 2010

Uploaded on 08/03/2009

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Some tips regarding writing using APA guidelines.
1. Do not contract in formal writing.
Wrong: "I can't agree with Dewey on this point."
Right: "I cannot agree with Dewey's point."
2. Avoid superlatives and most ly adverbs –
Do not write Write
"The article was incredibly well written" "I found the article well written."
"I completely disagree." "I disagree because . . . "
"That is utterly incorrect." "I believe he is in error because . . . "
3. Be modest in your assertions, and do not be dismissive of authors. As William James wrote, "You
may not follow me wholly . . . and if you do, you may not wholly agree with me. But you will, I know,
regard me at least as serious, and treat my effort with respectful consideration."
The authors whom we read are serious, and we must treat their effort with respectful consideration.
Careful with your tone.
Poor: "His stance strikes me as completely absurd."
Better: "I find his contention problematic because . . . "
Better: "The reason I cannot agree with his contention is that . . . "
4. Quotation marks follow periods and commas – [,"] and [."] . . . never [",] or [".]
Examples: On the whole, we tend to “believe what we read.”
There were connections between this article and “Lies of the Mind.”
People often seek “simple solutions,” and good for them.
5. There should always be three ellipsis points and they should have a space between them – e.g., "he
asked . . . what I wanted."
6. On the use of he/she – Replacing he with he or she or she or he should be done sparingly because the
repetition can become tiresome. Combination forms such as he/she or (s)he are awkward and
distracting. Alternating between he and she may be distracting and is not ideal; doing so implies that
he or she can in fact be generic, which is not the case (APA Guidelines, p. 51). APA suggests (a)
replacing with individual or with person, (b) using plural nouns, (c) replacing the pronoun with an
article, or (d) dropping the pronoun altogether.
7. Cite authors with year of publication and provide page numbers when quoting text. Example: As
Smith (1996) explained, "we are always falling in love with the wrong person" (p. 45).
Notice in the example that
•the page number is enclosed by parentheses,
•there is a space between the period and the number, and
punctuation comes after the closing parenthesis.
8. Never use full justification. Only use left justification.
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Some tips regarding writing using APA guidelines.

  1. Do not contract in formal writing.

Wrong: "I can't agree with Dewey on this point." Right: "I cannot agree with Dewey's point."

  1. Avoid superlatives and most ly adverbs –

Do not write Write

"The article was incredibly well written" "I found the article well written." "I completely disagree." "I disagree because... " "That is utterly incorrect." "I believe he is in error because... "

  1. Be modest in your assertions , and do not be dismissive of authors. As William James wrote, "You may not follow me wholly... and if you do, you may not wholly agree with me. But you will, I know, regard me at least as serious, and treat my effort with respectful consideration."

The authors whom we read are serious, and we must treat their effort with respectful consideration. Careful with your tone.

Poor: "His stance strikes me as completely absurd." Better: "I find his contention problematic because... " Better: "The reason I cannot agree with his contention is that... "

  1. Quotation marks follow periods and commas – [,"] and [."]... never [",] or [".]

Examples: On the whole, we tend to “believe what we read.” There were connections between this article and “Lies of the Mind.” People often seek “simple solutions,” and good for them.

  1. There should always be three ellipsis points and they should have a space between them – e.g., "he asked... what I wanted."
  2. On the use of he/she – Replacing he with he or she or she or he should be done sparingly because the repetition can become tiresome. Combination forms such as he/she or (s)he are awkward and distracting. Alternating between he and she may be distracting and is not ideal; doing so implies that he or she can in fact be generic, which is not the case (APA Guidelines, p. 51). APA suggests (a) replacing with individual or with person , (b) using plural nouns, (c) replacing the pronoun with an article, or (d) dropping the pronoun altogether.
  3. Cite authors with year of publication and provide page numbers when quoting text. Example: As Smith (1996) explained, "we are always falling in love with the wrong person" (p. 45).

Notice in the example that

  • the page number is enclosed by parentheses ,
  • there is a space between the period and the number , and
  • punctuation comes after the closing parenthesis.
    1. Never use full justification. Only use left justification.
  1. Use only authors' last names —e.g., "According to Dewey (1949), reality is... " Do not write John Dewey.
  2. One of the most common errors in writing is the incorrect use of pronouns and their antecedents. Remember that pronouns and antecedents must agree in number.

Wrong: It seems to me that the client is not lowering their opinion of psychologists... Problem – client/their opinion Right: The clients are not lowering their opinion of psychologists...

Wrong: An individual is expected to have a certain amount of basic knowledge about their field so as to create good hypotheses... Problem – individual/their field Right: Individuals are expected to have a certain amount of basic knowledge about their field so as to create good hypotheses...

Wrong: In a well-written piece that shows a person’s dedication for their work,... Problem – person/their work Right: In a well-written piece that shows one’s dedication for one’s work,...

  1. Avoid trite terms such as In conclusion... simply conclude.
  2. Do not get into the habit of referring to citations in present tense. Always use past tense.

Wrong: "Dewey (1932) writes that individuals should strive for democracy." Right: "Dewey (1932) wrote that individuals should strive for democracy."

On a related point, authors do not speak or say. Authors write.

  1. In APA, every item in an ordered list is followed by a comma – e.g., "I went to the store and bought apples, oranges, and bananas."
  2. Careful with sexist language—e.g., man's behavior s/be human behavior or people's behavior.
  3. When referring to race, Black and White should be capitalized.

16 Avoid upon and in order to. Use upon only when you are writing a fairy tale; instead of in order to , simply say to.

  1. We is reserved for popes, kings, and coauthors. Stay away from we or us when you mean human beings.

Wrong: "We live in a difficult world." Right: "The world is difficult."

Wrong: "Such a philosophical viewpoint would harm us irreparably." Right: "Such a philosophical viewpoint would harm individuals irreparably.

  1. Use exclamation marks only once every two years, pick the spot carefully, and mean it.
  2. Please, please, please proofread your manuscript (more than once) and run the spellchecker. If you have a grammar program, run that as well. Disregard for the presentation of a manuscript surely betrays disregard for the class and professor.