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ASSIGNMENT 1 FRONT SHEET
Qualification TEC Level 5 HND Diploma in Computing Unit number and title Unit 43: Internet of Things Submission date 8/16/2022 Date Received 1st submission Re-submission Date Date Received 2nd submission Student Name Mai Tran Tuan Anh Student ID GCD Class GCD0904 Assessor name Phan Thanh Tra Student declaration I certify that the assignment submission is entirely my own work and I fully understand the consequences of plagiarism. I understand that making a false declaration is a form of malpractice. Student’s signature Grading grid
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I. REVIEW IOT FUNCTIONALITY, STANDARD ARCHITECTURE, FRAMEWORKS,
TOOLS, HARDWARE AND APIs
1. Definition
- The internet of things, or IoT, is a network of connected computing devices, mechanical and digital machinery, items, animals, or people that may exchange data across a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction. The term "thing" refers to any natural or artificial object that can be given an Internet Protocol (IP) address and has the ability to transfer data over a network, including people with implanted heart monitors, farm animals with biochip transponders, cars with built-in tire pressure monitors, and other examples. Figure 1 : Internet of Things
- With the developing of IOT, billions of physical devices around the world that are now connected to the internet, all collecting and sharing data. With the advent of incredibly affordable computer chips and the widespread use of wireless networks, anything may become a component of the Internet of Things, from a pill to an airplane. By connecting all these various items and equipping them with sensors, digital intelligence is added to otherwise dumb gadgets, allowing them to relay real-time data without a human being's involvement. The world around us is becoming smarter and more responsive thanks to the Internet of Things, which is fusing the digital and physical worlds.
- How IOT works
- The Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem is made up of web-enabled smart devices that use embedded systems, such as processors, sensors, and communication gear, to gather, send, and act on the data they get from their surroundings. By connecting to an IoT gateway or other edge device, which either sends data to the cloud for analysis or analyzes it locally, IoT devices exchange the sensor data they collect. These gadgets converse with other similar devices on occasion, acting on the data they exchange. Although individuals can engage with the devices to set them up, give them instructions, or retrieve the data, the gadgets accomplish the majority of the job without their help.
- A complete IoT system integrates four distinct components: sensors/devices, connectivity, data processing, and a user interface Sensors / Devices: Data is gathered by sensors or gadgets from their surroundings. It may be as straightforward as a temperature reading or as intricate as a whole video feed. Because devices that do more than merely perceive things can contain numerous sensors or be made up entirely of sensors. Your phone, for instance, contains a camera, an accelerometer, a GPS, and other sensors, but it is not just a sensor. But something is gathering data from the environment in this first step, whether it's a solitary sensor or a complete device. Connectivity: The sensors and devices can be linked to the cloud via a number of different technologies, such as ethernet, WiFi, Bluetooth, low-power wide-area networks (LPWAN), cellular, satellite, and WiFi. There are compromises between each option's power usage, range, and bandwidth. The ideal connectivity method depends on the IoT application in question, but they all achieve the same goal: sending data to the cloud. Data processing: Once the data is on the cloud, software processes it in some way. It may be as easy as making sure the temperature reading falls within the allowed range. Or it might be quite complicated, like utilizing computer vision to recognize things in video.
Flexibility: IoT devices should dynamically adjust to the various scenarios and contexts. Assume there is a camera for surveillance. It should be flexible enough to operate in various lighting and environmental circumstances (morning, afternoon, night). Architecture: IoT architecture can't be uniform in design. It must be hybrid and able to work with items from various manufacturers in the IoT network. No engineering branch owns the Internet of Things. When several disciplines join together, IoT becomes a reality. Safety: When a user's gadgets are all online, there is a risk that the user's sensitive personal information will be compromised. The user may suffer a loss as a result. Data security is the main issue as a result. In addition, the necessary equipment is enormous. IoT networks could also be under danger. Safety of the equipment is therefore essential.
- Application of IOT
- The internet of things helps people live and work smarter, as well as gain complete control over their lives. In addition to offering smart devices to automate homes, IoT is essential to business. IoT provides businesses with a real-time look into how their systems really work, delivering insights into everything from the performance of machines to supply chain and logistics operations. Some application of IOT in real life can be listed are: 4.1 Smart Homes
- Smart homes are one of the best and most useful IoT applications because they significantly improve both convenience and home security. The ideal level of IoT application for smart homes combines intelligent utility systems and entertainment, while there are other levels as well. We can be confident that as IoT develops, the majority of devices will become smarter, providing improved home security.
Figure 2 : Smart home Smart door: One of the most common and economical Internet of Things solutions is smart locks and door entry systems. Using a web interface or smartphone app, smart locks are simple to set up and use. Smart door accessing systems can be securely developed by integrating with RDIF tags. Using a mobile app, users can provide entry to the doors and then lock them once a visitor has left the area. Smart lighting: One appealing internet of things application for the smart home is smart lighting. It not only helps us manage efficiently but also saves energy. Smart hub devices and smartphone apps can be used to adjust the lighting environment. The ability to respond to voice commands, motion sensors, and proximity sensors is a feature of smart lighting. When someone enters or exits the room, these sensors will turn on the light. Additionally, it can be set up to activate when the ambient light falls below a predetermined level. Automated gate: Gates and garages can be easily controlled (operated) using smart sensor technologies and the internet of things. You can use a mobile device to open or close the gate whenever you are going to enter the house or once you have left the property.
in a wide range of contexts, including professional sports, consumer goods, healthcare, navigation systems, and advanced fabrics. Some of the most popular applications of wearables technology are Health surveillance: Wearable technology is used by people to monitor and receive notifications for their blood pressure and heart rate, to measure their calorie intake, and to manage their workout routines. The COVID-19 pandemic increased consumer awareness of the importance of personal cleanliness and taking preventative measures to stop the spread of illnesses, which in turn increased the use of wearable technology. For instance, Apple recently updated its Cardiogram app and added a new sleeping beats-per-minute feature that tracks heart rate variations in COVID-19 patients. Entertainment and gaming: The first industries to use VR headgear, smart glasses, and controllers were the gaming and entertainment sectors. Oculus Quest, Meta Quest, and Sony PlayStation VR are popular VR head-mounted displays that are used for a variety of entertainment activities, including gaming, watching movies, and virtual travel. Military: These wearables include equipment that monitors soldiers' vital signs, virtual reality simulation exercises, and sustainability gear like boot inserts that calculate how well soldiers are supporting the weight of their gear and how the terrain may affect their performance. Sport and fitness: Sports use wearable athletic devices that are either woven into the material of the sporting goods or are affixed to sporting goods like bats and balls. Coaches receive real-time data from the GPS and Bluetooth-connected devices for examination via connected electronic devices like laptops. Along with wearable athletic equipment, well-known wearable technologies like Fitbit, Apple Watch, Garmin, Samsung Galaxy Watch, and Polar are widely utilized to track many aspects of the player's health and performance metrics.
- Some examples of real IOT wearables devices are: Apple Watch, Mi Band, Samsung Galaxy Watch, Sony PlayStation VR and so on
- Future smart devices, such as smart watches and fitness bands, will be enhanced to carry out additional tasks and communicate with other IoT devices for use in applications such as smart homes. These smart wearables will be able to start more tasks and get notifications more quickly by pairing with smartphone applications. 4.3 Automatic Driving
- Artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things' smart sensor technology have helped autonomous driving advance. Early autonomous vehicle generation (partial automation) will help drivers drive safely, avoid crashes, and issue warnings about the state of the road and the vehicle. AI can forecast certain on-road situations and assist in implementing them in the next generation of vehicles
for improved safety and efficiency as we collect enormous amounts of data from thousands of vehicles (using millions of sensors and camera units).
- Using the Internet of Things and artificial intelligence, self-driving cars and linked car concepts will provide a significantly safer driving experience in the future (AI). Smart sensors, which are constantly gathering data about the vehicle, the road, other vehicles, objects on the road, and road conditions, are one of the key elements of IoT in autos. Figure 4 : Automatic driving
- It's important to have accurate information when making split-second decisions when driving. If the data is inaccurate or delayed, the effect would be greater and it might even cause catastrophic accidents. A limitation for autonomous driving technology is the faster data throughput and low latency network offered by 5G technology. To learn diverse scenarios from varying traffic conditions,
Figure 5 : Smart farming
- One of the promising approaches to increasing overall agricultural and farming industry efficiency while using fewer personnel is the Internet of Things. Each stage of agriculture will be improved by smart sensor technology, and automation lessens the need for physical labor. Smart irrigation: Smart irrigation is a way to leverage the Internet of Things to efficiently utilize water in agriculture. Smart sensors are inserted into the ground, continuously monitoring the soil, and relaying data to the control station. The water flow is started by the control system as the soil begins to dry out or reaches a threshold value that the farmer has chosen, and it is
halted after a certain amount of time. By incorporating automated irrigation systems into agriculture, waste of water and labor can be eliminated. Smart Greenhouse using sensors: One of the effective agricultural techniques for increasing the output of fruits and vegetables involves the use of greenhouses. The critical greenhouse factors, including the CO2 level, temperature, and moisture level, are continuously monitored. An IoT system will be used to activate automatic precipitation, light, and moisture control. When compared to having workers complete the same duty, this smart monitoring system control is considerably more effective and economical. The data gathered by the many sensors placed throughout the greenhouse will be sent to the cloud, making it simple to retrieve the data for additional research. Prediction farming is a technique for using valuable data gathered over time to increase the number and quality of agricultural goods. The optimal time or season for farming will be determined by experts, who will also consider the best parameters for maximum productivity, acceptable fertilizers, and how to plan a certain product's readiness for harvest and so on Smart farming: The Internet of Things provides a variety of options for easy animal tracking using smart RFID tags. With the use of IoT and smart tags, farmers can quickly record data for each animal.
- IOT standard architecture
- IoT system architecture is sometimes defined as a four-stage procedure in which data travels from sensors attached to "things" across a network to a business data center or the cloud for processing, analysis, and storage. A "thing" in the Internet of Things could be a vehicle, a structure, or even a human. An actuator or other physically connected device may receive instructions or orders from processes in the IoT architecture telling them to do a certain action to control a physical process. If an approaching failure is recognized, an actuator may take action as minor as turning on a light or as significant as shutting down an assembly line. 5.1 Sensors and Actuators
- The process begins with sensors and actuators, the connected components that either monitor or operate a physical process or "thing" (in the case of sensors). Sensors gather information on the state of a process or the state of the environment, including temperature, humidity, chemical composition, fluid levels in a tank, fluid movement in a pipe, or the pace of an assembly line, among many other things.
- At this level, applications that are industry- and/or company-specific can be used to conduct in-depth analysis and apply business rules to decide whether action is required. The incoming information might point up beneficial adjustments to the device's settings or other ways to speed up the procedure, creating a feedback loop that encourages continuous progress. In Stage 4, storage in a data warehouse is also included for both record-keeping and additional analysis.
- IOT frameworks
- The Internet of Things (IoT) Framework can be thought of as an ecosystem made up of numerous linked devices that interact with one another online. These Internet-connected devices often function to send and sense data while requiring very little human involvement. The Internet of Things (IoT) framework enables seamless communication between linked devices. Therefore, it should come as no surprise that it is known as the "Internet of Things" framework, or, to put it another way, the framework that makes it possible for objects to communicate with one another over the Internet.
- With applications in practically every industry, the Internet of Things framework is a crucial component of technology in the present world. For instance, the design of smart houses is one of the IoT's key applications. The idea of the IoT framework is also used while developing various physical things, such as thermostats, electrical gadgets, security and so on
- The IoT Framework is made up of four main parts, which are covered below. Device hardware: The IoT framework's device hardware requires a fundamental understanding of architecture. Additionally, the user must be familiar with how the various micro-controllers and sensors operate. Sensors, micro-controllers, and controllers are a few examples of hardware devices that make up this IoT framework component. Device software: The supplied writing programs must configure the controller and then be used remotely in order for the device software of the IoT framework to perform as intended. The user must have a fundamental understanding of how libraries are typically created for programming, as well as how an API functions inside microcontrollers. Communication and cloud platform: One of the most important components of the IoT architecture is the cloud platform. It requires a fundamental understanding of all forms of communication, both wired and wireless. Additionally, the user must be well-versed in both the operation of cloud technology and IoT integration. All communications take place on the communication and Cloud Platform of the IoT Framework. Cloud application: A sort of software program called a cloud application primarily comprises of elements that can be accessed more quickly and easily. These components may be local or even hosted in the cloud. The system is improved by the cloud
application so that its full potential can be fulfilled. The written application of an IoT framework that connects both local hardware devices and cloud-based devices together is known as a cloud application.
- Some examples of IoT frameworks including: 6.1 Arduino
- If you want to own a computer that can perceive the world and exert powerful control over it, Arduino is one of the most highly recommended open-source Internet of Things frameworks. The IoT hardware and software components are combined in the Arduino open source, which makes it highly straightforward and user-friendly. Several hardware requirements that are frequently used by interactive electronics help the Arduino open-source work more efficiently. Figure 6 : Arduino
