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Hungarian Geographical Names: Spelling Rules and Guidelines, Schemes and Mind Maps of Statistics

Guidelines for spelling Hungarian geographical names, including rules for long consonants, capitalization, hyphenation, and the use of minority language names. It also includes information on the registration and maintenance of standardized geographical names.

Typology: Schemes and Mind Maps

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bg1
Seventeenth Session of the
United Nations Group of Experts
on Geographical Names
New
York, 13-24 June, 1994
Item
14 of the Provisional Agenda
TOPONYMIC GUIDELINES FOR MAP AND OTHER EDITORS
Toponymic Guidelines for Map and other Editors
Hungary
Paper submitted by Hungary*
&Prepared bY Ervin -... . .
b Olcll, Chairman, Hungarian Committee on
~-*ya:*q : e,::,hi ~:a] r.jat!ip:T
pf3
pf4
pf5
pf8
pfa
pfd
pfe
pff
pf12
pf13
pf14
pf15

Partial preview of the text

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Seventeenth Session of the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names New York, 13-24 June, 1994 Item 14 of the Provisional Agenda

TOPONYMIC GUIDELINES FOR MAP AND OTHER EDITORS

Toponymic Guidelines for Map and other Editors Hungary

Paper submitted by Hungary*

&Prepared (^) bY Ervin -...b Olcll,^.. Chairman, Hungarian Committee on ~-ya:q: e,::,hi ~:a] r.jat!ip:T

TOPONYMIC GUIDELINES FOR MAP AND OTHER EDITORS

HUNGARY

2N-D EDITION

Updated March 1994

A. LANGUAGES

Hungarian is the only natiorrwide official language. Minority languages have only local importance, but minority toponyms are shown on topographic maps (see under item 5, Minority

languages). Hungarian is written in the Roman alphabet with the addition of diacriticai marks for

vowels, and character combinations for consonantsas against the original Roman alphabet.

  1. Hungarian alphabet

The alphabet is given here showing the sound represented by each character or combination of characters with the help of the IPA phonetic alphabet.

  1. A&.4& Ia, al 14. Jj [jl 27. Szsz [s]
  2. Bb [bl 15. Kk (^) Ikl 28. Tt [tl
  3. cc 16. LI 111 29. Ty ty 1tj 1
  4. cs cs Ly?i 17. Ly ly Ul 30. uu,el [u, u:]
  5. D r41 18. Mm (m] 31. oil,iiii [y,‘y:]
  6. Dz,dz E 19. Nn bl 32. vv [v]
  7. Dzs, dzs 20. NY w. [ 4 1 33. “Ww [v]
  8. E e, fi I I%@ 21. 00,06 [o, o:] 34. *xx
  9. Ff k7 22. d ii, 6 6 [ 8,kx ] 35. *yy

[!;I

  1. Gg 23. Pp 11.Gy gY 131 24. *Q q

;;; 36. zz (^) A

37. zszs r

12.Hh (^) [hl 25. Rr (^) bl

  1. I i, i i [ i, i:] 26. S s (^) [J 1
  • occur in foreign words, in names originating from other languages, or in traditional family names.

Other letters considered as obsolete, occw in traditional family names, and in very few cases, in place names

ch r$ 1

CZ b 1

ed

GW

th (^) Pw

ts rtS 1

l

Top~nymic &II delines for Hungq 4 I

  • names containing a final generic term, where the generic term has an initial lower case character, e.g.&y-pat&, Bibs-v&gy, El&-tcibla, Csepi-ziget, JrGws-hegy etc. Most of the geographical names fall into this category. Remark: the term attribute of geographical character refers to words iike aid (=lower), fels6 (=upper), nagy (-great), .&is(=little), etc.
  • names consisting of a final word other than a generic term, being capitabzed, and having an initial attribute ofgeographic character, e.g.AM-Ldvemk, Felsci-Figum, Kis-Embe, A&y-Patk Hoit-Tim, etc.
  • names being the combination of the previous two categories, e.g. Rohonci&anyqatak, A&- D&-v&y, Kis-HosmLdail6, ihbi-rdt, Forgcics-tagi&lci, Hosti-szi~eti-a?G& Holt-Tiszai-csatorna, etc. ‘fhe second word of such names is either capitalized or written with a lower case initial.
  • names which consist of two or more geographical names used also independently, where the capitalization of the second or third word is preserved, e.g. K2f-KQmlna, L?rd-@lu, Haj’dti- Bihar, Borsod-Abaz2j-ZmqA2~ etc.

d) Geographical names consisting of two or more words (elements) are written seperated in case of

  • full (or ofEcial) names of countries, where all words are capitalized: Magyar K&t&ms&, N&met sztivets&gi Kbztdrsas~g, Sri Lanka L2z~kratikus Smcialista K&t&sas~g, etc.
  • names of administrative regions only with respect to the final generic term, e.g Bamnya megye, Heves megye, J&z-Nagykun-Z&&ok megye etc.
  • names designating streets,roads, avenues, squares, only with respectto the finai generic term, e.g. Cl&%tit, V&i utca, Margit k&At, Rna’r&sy Jt, BaJ&y-Zsilinszky ;t, etc.
  • names con&in@ an accusative ending, a posposition, a posessive or adverbial sufiix, where the second or last word is written in lower case initial, e.g. Keveset d&j, Rdtekahtt, Uruk amala, Pozsonyi& kert’ti, Duna mente, S&km jdrd, R&e dW etc.

e) Geographical names are sometimes combined of the types described in the previous pmhs, eg. LW-aftikai K&tcAzs&, J&zseefhegyilit, etc.

  1. Dialects

Hungarian dialects represent no significant differences as compared to each other or to the standard language. Six so called dialect types are represented inside Hungary: W&tern, Tramdanubian, S&them, Tizai (the central part ofthe Lowland), Put& (part of North West), and &%A Eastern.

There are two rules followed in using dialect geographical names. According to the first one, dialect forms are preserved also in the standardized geographical names, This applies to dialect words unknown to, or known with different meaning in the standard language, as well as in the case of dialect forms representing a rather strong and unusual deviation^ as compared to the standard lar~~guage.Sporadic dialect phenomena not c;haracteristic to-the area of the dialect type are ;.! ,! .i.:..-.r.r;e<j,

Toponymi c Guidelines for Hungary 5

On the other hand, in applying the second rule, dialect geographical names are modified according to the standard language. This method is applied in caseswhere the dialect forms reflect a widely known general trend, and they are characteristic to agiven area

  1. Minority languages

According to 9. 61, Law LXXVIU1993. on the right of nationalities and ethnic minorities, the following minorities are acknowledged in Hungary: Armenian, Bulgarian, Croatian, German, Gipsy, Greek, Polish, Romanian, Ruthenian, Serbian, Slovak, Slovene, and Ukrainian. Though no recent research has been made on the impact of minority languages on geographical names, it can be still stated that only Croatian, German, and Slovak may appear in a considerable number on detailed topographic maps.

As to the use of minority languages,the introductory text of the Law cited above, contains the following statement:‘The language, material and intellectual culture, historical traditions as well as other characteristics of minorities living on the territory of the Republic of Hungary, and having Hungarian citizenship, are parts of their individual as well as their common self-identity. All these are of special worth, their preservation, care-taking, and enrichment is not only the fimdemental right of the national and ethnic minorities, but it is also the interest of the Hungarian nation,and ultimately of all states,ofthe community ofnations.” Another item, $j53 ofthe same Law gives the following tule: ‘The local government, according to the requirements of the local minority representative body acting in the area under the competency of that government, must ensure that ... c) names of cities, towns, and villages on sign-posts, names on street-plates: names of institutions as well as statementson their activities on tables showing offices that provide public services, should be read also in the mother tongue of the minority, beside the Hungarian text, with the same content, and in the same form.” A more detailed regulation can be found in 9 6 ofthe Order 7111989. (modified by the 1911992 Govemment Order): ‘I..,(4) A minority language name can also be established based on the Nles given in the previous point (1). A minority language name for features belonging to point a), and d) to h), $3, can be established parallel with the Hungarian name.” This means that in case of names of the the relief and regions, names of nature reserves, names of the trnnsport and com- munication. names of built-up areas of cities and communes, names of outskirt settlements,and street names only parallel minority language names can be applied. In all other types of geographi- cal names a single minority l-age name can be given as an of&id name. It should be noted that administrative names are decided upon seperate orders, which do not mention the possibility of single official minority language names. However, minority names of cities, towns, and villages can be found on signposts all over country (see the above citation from $53, Law LXXvIU993).

Minority language geographical names appear on the present topographical and other large scale maps, written in the Hungarian alphabet. Preparations have been made to change minority geo- graphical names into the respective orthography. Difficulties arise from the fact, that some minorities use the names in a dialect form, wttile in most cases, standard forms are required.

Toponymic Guidelines for Hungq 7

Topographic maps: Scale 1 : 10 000 Scale 1 : 25 000 Scale 1 : 100 000

Geographical names shown on these maps are not necessarily standardized forms. They can be ordered from the Institute for Surveying and Remote Sensing. See address above.

  1. Gazetteers

A Magyar N6pkUtarsas& helys@?vtara (Gazetteer of Inhabited Places of the Hungarian People’s Republic) 1985. Statisztikai Kiad6 Wlalat Budapest, 1985. Contains the names of communes towns, cities as well as smaller inhabited places with population, area and other data as of 1980. As to names inside cities, towns and communes, this is the most recent source available at present.

A Magyar K&tars&g helysCgn6vk6nyve 1993. januar 1. (Gazetteer of counties, cities, towns and communes of the Republic of Hungary). Kiizponti Statisztikai HivataI. Budapest, 1993. Contains only the names of cities, towns, and villages as well as recent changesas of the given date, without any statistical data

  1. &vi tt6psz&mlal& A belteflletek 6s a Miltetaleti Iakotthelyek fibb adatai. KZIzponti Statisztikai Hivatal. Budapest, -1991. Contains the population census data for all settlements including inhabited parts and outskirt settlements of cities, towns and villages as of 1 January 1990.

Both publications can be ordered fi-om: KSH N6psz&nliWis H-1518 Budapest POB 163

Magyarorsz& F6ldrajzin&v&a L Fontosabb dombotzati, taj- ts viznevek (Gazetteer of Hungary L The More Important Names of the Relief, Regions and Hydrography j. Kartografiai Wlalat. Budapest, 1983. Contains more than 700 standardized geographical. names as given in the title. It has a 1 : 500 000 scale map’supplement.

Magyaror& FWrajzin6v-t&a IL (Gazetteer of Hungaty II). Kattografiai V~llalat. Budapest, 1978-1981. Map supplement: 1 : 150 000. This is a series of county gazetteers in 19 vohxmes with the title as given above and the county name (below) added. Four volumes appeared in 1978: Gyiir-Sopron megye (new name: GyBr-Meson-Sopron megye) Vas megye Veszpt+m megye Zala megye seven volumes in 1979: Somom megye Baranyamegye T&ta megye

Toponymic Guidelines for Hungary 8

Fej& megye Komtiom megye (new name: Komltom-Esztergom megye) Pest megye. Budapest Csongr&d megye six vohunes in 1980: B&~+Kiskun megye N&rfid megye Heves megye Borsod-Ab&j-Zempl6n megye Szolnok megye (new name: J&z-Nagykun-Szolnok megye) Bek6s megye and two volumes in 1981: HajdG-Bihar megye Szabolcs-Szatmk megye (new name: Szabolcs-Szatmh-Bereg megye)

Toponymi c Ci delines for Hungary 10

fej fekete fels felszeg Elsziget felvtg felvidek fmnsik fok folyi, for&i f Eicsatoma fild

MYa 1. bare or naked top of a mountain or hill;^ 2. clearing or opening in a^ forest or

wep

h&g hWs hala. halom haraszt hjr h&&s hiits hWa) hew hegyes hegyalja hegysbg hegytetd hely hid holtzig homok hosszli

irth iskola itati,

  1. head; 2. summit, top of a hill or mountain; 3. upper section of a valley black upper upper or northem part of a village peninsula = felszeg highland, upland plateau
  2. cape, promontory; 2. brook, rivulet; 3. dry river-bed l-h-X spria& well, source
  3. main; 2. head main canal field, arable land

wood

  1. dam, dike, levee; 2. brook, creek farm, farmstead ridge, crest pit, hole, pot-hole awed, bent, twisted

grass, lawn

(mountain) pass place where grazing animals spend the night fishpond hill, hillock, knoll, mound brushwood, undergrowth

  1. ridge; 2. (mountain) pass; 3. an elongated elevation
  2. tablelaand; 2. chain ofhills back, rear
  3. house; 2. (as last element in compound names) village motmtain, hill

peak, top of a mountain or hill foot of a mountain or hill (mountain) range = tet place, ground, site bridge dead channel, ox-bow lake, stagnantwater, cut-off arm of a river or creek sand long

clearing, cutting down, deforestation school watering placa. place where grazing animals are watered

.

Toponymi c Guidelines for Hungary 11

j*

kany= kt$polna kapu

kastely kastib kereszt kert kenllet kiltit kis k kiifejto kiirnytk k6z kWphegyseg k(lzep(s6) k&s&g kunyhii kilt kids ktilteriilet

lakdtelep 1jP me lapos 1egelB lejt liget

m;lg= major m;U malom medence mewe megyei vkos mellek mdly me mocs&

  1. district, a second order adatinistmtive unit (obsolete); 2. place where animals graze

bend, curve, elbow chapel gate sheep-fold, stock-yard manor-house, residence hayfield, meadow crucifix, crosswise garden

  1. district, ward of a town; 2. = diilii 1. look-out (tower) mall, little
  2. stone; 2. rocky peak, summit of a mountain quarty, stone-pit surroundings, environs intermediate space between roads, creeks, etc. mountain raage of medium height central, middle commuae, a village as adatinisttative unit hut, hovel, cottage well, fountain, source, spring outside, extemaf, outward a designation and legal entity: area of a commune, town or of a district of the capital lying outside of the continuously built-up area, mostly cultivated lands

building estate,residential quarter moor, marsh, bog flat, lowland, level flat (adj.), even Pasture slope, gradient, dip grove, pd

hole, cave, cavern

high, tall farm, farmstead, a group of farm buildings adret, sonthem or western slope of a hill mill basin county, a first order administrative unit city with county rights I. environs, sutroundiags, region; 2. subsidiary, side- deep, low, hollow field; meadow swrtmp, marsh

Toponymic Guidelines for Hungary 13

tibia 1. field, patch, plot, strip; 2. large cultivated field

w = t&la tajvedefmi k&izetnatural reserve district, a natural reserve of local importance tanya

t&skSzseg telek

telep teleptilts teleptll6srW temetb ter tetd tb, tavak

&i tit utca

vi#r Mew v&OS v4roskWnyek

*OS&Z v&rom vasMllomb

detached farm(stead), a small detached settlement in the fields of a village or town consisting of a residential and one or more farm building associate commune, a commune without local council [obsolete]

  1. a piece of ground, allotment; 2. a small cultivated field or pasture in the surroundings of a farm
  2. settlement, premises; 2. = lakotelep a designation: all kinds of inhabited places a designation: named part of inhabited places cemetery place, square summit, peak of a mountain or hill lake, lakes

new road street

castle

  1. castle hill; 2. mountain, hill town, city town district, a former second order administrative unit consisting of a town as a center, and several communes [obsolete] F quarter, district or ward of a town ruins of a castle or fortress railway station vasfai megall6hely railway stop Viz 1. water, 2. = patak vizfolyas water course va1gy (^) dleY

zhtkert

state

ziitony w

an obsolete designation and former legal entity: a part of the area outside of the inhabited centre of a commune or town, cultivated in small strips by individual fanners as opposed to other lands cultivated (previously) by cooperatives or

farms sandbank, shallow corner, rook

Toponymic Guidelines for Hungary 14

E. ABBREVIATIONS

Thls list includes abbreviations appearing on Hungarian maps as well as designations given in.& Gazetteer ofHungary, and included in the Data Base FNT.

A, A.-

:.

2-G.

4s Ak.., ak. All., 811. Art. Am. (a.) /id-. AU.

l.agyag; 2.aszfalt Also alja Brok ablak julami Gasdas&g alagilt akna 6llami at&i kilt &&nyviz 4llattenyCsztes tieldhely Ausztria

  1. clay; 2. asphalt [part of a m&e] the lower part of something ditch, canal, ravine window state farm tunnel shaft, pit of a mine state (adjective) artesian well mineral water animal husbandry crossing point on a river Austria

B.

B.-

-b. B& M. Bg.. bg. Bi. B.-K M B. M Bny., bny. B.-A.-Z M.

BP.

t-w it&?. btr

C

-cs.. cs Cs. M. -csaf., csat Csd. cskny. Csr., -csr. CS!Zf!S. Csill. cssz

beton Balaton- b&c BCkCsmegye barlang bitumen B6csXiskun megye Baranya megye battya Borsod-Abtij-Zemplen meme Budapest, budapesti baromfitenyeszles baromfitelep belterlileti teiepWsr6sz

cisztema

csflcs Csongrad megye csatoma csbnak csWamyh c&da csatoma6rhaz csill@sZati Csehsziovakia

concrete (road surface) [partofa name]

  1. peak, crag, rock; 2. hill @art of aflame] cave, cavern bitumen (road surface) Inmel In==
  2. mine, quatry; 2. pit, pot-hole

ban= [n= poultry-farming poultry-farm a designation: named part of a commune, town etc. in the built up area

cistern, water tank

peak, summit @==I CZUld boat watch hut way-side inn watch housefor canals as*onomical [name, now obsolete]

Toponyrrdc Guidelines for Hw 16

cub.

L&J

G&i

Gazd..

eeol.

cikpi.

G,: d

G-w.,-0. Gyem. Gy.-S. M. t--w

H. -h, h

Hid. wu Hang. H.-B. M, Hemii.

-hg., hs Hgazd. Hgl. Hip. FW Hl. -hh H. M. Hop. HP Hiit.

Id. ht. WJ isk ht.

J.,j. J&-Y. JH Jh.

:‘.:,A. ;

gabonatArolb gabonatexmelCs ghtiirhhz g=i=& gomb geologia gepipari gepjavltb tilomfis g6pkocsijavit gdzlb

WP

gyermekotthon Gy&-Sopron megye gyiimlk3termesztis

homok

hew

haj&llomris haltenyCszet hangk Hajdii-Bihar megye hbertimfi helyierdehi vas& hews& halgazdas&g hidroglhisz helyiipari tSzem hizlal~ harangls halom Heves megye hatLoszlop hkomsz6gelesi pont hfitdtorony

idBszakos in&et ipari n&&yterme.sztes iskola isti

j& j&tv&nyk&hAz j&6.6 hivatal jAr&i hivatal Cpiilete

l3-= granary, elevator grain-farming dike-reeve’s house farm, farmstead ball (on top of church towers) geology machine-industry machine repair station (in agriculture) car repairs ford, shallows

factory orphanage [name, now: Gydr-Moson-Sopron megye) hit-f&m ing

sand as a designation: hill with a height above 400 m ship Iandii place fish-breeding has* [n=W power station suburban railway (mountain) range fish-breeding spherical water-tower local industries workshop fattening belfry, campanile hill, hillock, knoll, mound

MW

border sign-post trigonometric point cooler-tower

periodical institute plant-farming for industrial purposes school stable

district, an obsolete administrative Uiiif contagious hospital district ofice [obsolete] district ofice building [obsolete]

Toponymi c Gti delines for Hungary 17

K K. K., -k K.- ,.

k K&p*, -kip. Km. Km.., -kcs, Ke. Pi. Kes. 1 Y emp.

Kfi Kh.. A-11. KKT K. M. Knz Kny., -hy. KQ. Kid., 4-d. KoU Kop. Kddl. lid

I; Kl3. K&p. Kp.- KS.,-ks. KSS. KT Kt., 4-t. ktr

Kuint.

L. Gg. Lev.

fiy L&I.

M., .m .,I

kelet(i) I.@ 2. kavics l.ki$ Kis- ,."....C- kbzept, k8zeps6 resze ki4pofna

kocsma keramit k&n&y kesefi kemping kGfejt kulturh~ kil6titb Kiks&i Kozos TanAcs KomSrom megye konzerv irrmvh komp kolostor kollegium k6oszlop korhirz k6zlekedesi letesitmeny

kockak kikat k&pont(i) Kbzep- kaste1y keserGs6s k&s&i ta&s kereszt killtetileti telepiilCsr6sz

kutat6intezet

ladik&tkeliihely szeWz6 akna ievegii lesz5ll6hely Ioteny&tts I&&

east(em)

  1. well; 2. gravel, pebble [also part of a name] [part of a name B A,^:,.&:,,. -- the middle part of something chapel [also part of a name] sheep-fold, stock-yard public-house, tavern, pub [also part of a name] road-brick chimney bitter (water) camping site wrwy cultural centre look-out (tower) joint commune council [now obsolete] [name, now: Komsirom-Esztergom megye] canned food production hut, hovel, cottage ferry monastery, cloister students’hostel stone column hospital a designation: features of the transport (road, station, ect.) cobblestone harbour, port, landing place centre, central central, middle [part of a name] [also part of a name] bitter-salt water commune council [now obsolete] crucifix [also part of a name] a designation: inhabited or uninhabited, single grouped or scattered buildings outside of the continuously built-up area ofa commune, town research institute

crossing by malt barge ventilation-shatl air landing ground horse breeding shooting-ground

mill

Toponyrnic Guidelines for Hungary 19

P.

P. M. -P=-

Pu., -p.

R.

iii&-&R Rkt Rd. ROM.

. (^) s

Sa &V. si. siu. s. u sp., -sp. St. (St.) 2P.

Sz-Sz M. sz, -St. ad. isam., -szan. ~ses?Jf sp., -szt. szi X?tv. SZ M. asi, -s?b. s?oc. 0. SibV. SR. SZU.

T.

T.-

-t. Tang. Tati. Tcsh. te

parkolb Patak posta- 6s t&&b hivatal Pest megye Pus&

Z6hllO!IlhS repIlldt6r

rakod Romtia

sir S&k sa=M si siugrt5s&lc Somogy megye woWWa stadion, spotttelep sentsteny~saCs seH&elep

Szabolcs-Szatmk megye sziget szArit szanat6rillm szesb”oz S2bhii.Z szikla szivattyit Szolnok megye stil6; sz&lloda szociiI.lisotthon WhWke2et smlt Szovjetunib

termtskd Tisza- teteje 4etB tangazdasAg tart&ly tan&cshAz teelet

car-park brook, creek, stream post and telegraph office b=N

  1. lowland plain; 2. waste land; 3. farm; 4. sur- rounding fields of a fannstead railway station

nCn transmitter airpOrt storehouse loading platform Romania

grave, tomb Slag sour (water) silo ski jump b- sports ground sports stadium pigAming pig farm

[name, now: Szabolcs-SzatnAr-Bereg megye] island drier sanatorium, health resort distillery theatre rock, cliff pump [name, now: J&z-Nagykun-Szolnok megye] hotel old people’s home cooperative Saint lpart of a name] Soviet Union [obsolete]

ragged stone [part of a name] the top of something summit, peak of a mountain or hill model farm (for educational purposes) tank, reservoir council building [obsolete] a designation: different kinds of area1features (Z,F. .!f:;‘:‘;,*.__... “-..-^ .. v..:’ ..;&I

Toponymic Guidelines for Hunga~ 20

gi.) Temp. Tex.

7x-h T. M. -my.

T& -tp. Tr., -0. Trh Tsz, -rsz Tt. n Ttrd. Tub Tl2.Z TV

t? vi vriil.. will. viiMl2. vb. Ve. VIZ. M. VemL Vl;;. Vgh -vgy. Vi Vii. Vk!!. I -.

tCgMget tehentszet temp1om textil teghigyizt see TVK teli kikot Tolna megye tsrtrja

tiizegfejtii telep tir6, t6rna transzfolm~orh~ termeliisz6vetkezet termtnytfol tenntszeMdelmi terillet tudomanyos turistahk tiMgyel6 torony televizio tAjv&lelmi k&zet

termtszetvedelmi teriilet

uszoda URH r&dibtilomAs ilt&hilz

iizem tizemanyag UdDlii tizemegystg

viztartay vasfitalloluas vZWlr\t Aruhivatal vasbeton vizeses Vesiqxem megye ViZCdhlU vendt$fogadb vC@hfd VGIgy villAmhkit vizenyiis viz1tpcsii v, ;rm& .-

brick-kiln cow-house church textile. brick-yard

winter harbour WW detached farm(stead), a small detached settlement in the fields of a village ortown consisting of a residential and Oneor more farm building peat-digging

  1. small settlement; 2. smaller industriat plant adit (in mining) electric substation farmers’ agricultural cooperative farm mrvy a designation: all kinds ofnatural reseme scientific tourist hostel fire-watchtower television transmitter natural reSeNe district, a natural lWme. OfiCKd importance a designation: natural reserve of local impoftan~=

swimming-pool Fh4 transmitter road-master’s house . factory, workshop fuel rest house a specialized unit of a large fatm or factory

water tank railway station enterprise, company custom-house ferro-concrete waterfall @meI hy&WieGtIiC power station ’ hostel slaughter-house valley lightning-rod damp, swampy dam \1::~~~::!~:?11:‘: