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An overview of apa citation style, explaining why it's used, what needs to be cited, and how to cite various types of sources. It covers topics such as in-text citations, references page formatting, and dealing with indirect sources and personal communications.
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Typology: Summaries
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AUSB Writing Center 6/12/ 1) Why APA format? “APA” stands for the American Psychological Association. This is often the standard format used in the social sciences. It’s a consistent way for writers to document sources and avoid plagiarism. 2) What do I need to cite? Cite anything that’s not your own (ideas of others, words of others (quotes), paraphrases of others’ ideas in your own words, statistics, graphs/charts, etc.) 3) What if I can’t find the author for my source? If the source was written by an organization, you can use the organization’s name as the author. If there isn’t an author or organization, then you can use the title of the source. Example : In-text citation: According to the CDC (2017), References Page: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (20 17 ). What’s new for the 2017 - 2018 Flu Season? [Fact Sheet]. Retrieved from: https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pdf/freeresources/general/whats-new- 2017 - 2018 - factsheet.pdf
AUSB Writing Center 6/12/ 7) What if my source has no page numbers? If there are no page numbers for your source (e.g., an online source), you may not need to include any, or you may want to include a paragraph number or section number for your readers, to indicate exactly where an idea came from. Example : (author, year, para. 5) 8) If I’m talking about one source in a few sentences, can I just cite once at the end of a paragraph? No. You need to make sure that your reader can tell which ideas are your own, and which are paraphrases. A good strategy is to use a signal phrase (author last name + year) in the first sentence, then use phrases like “They also pointed out…” in the next few sentences to show your reader that you are still paraphrasing/quoting the same source. Example : Smith (2015) suggested that students prefer texting over phone calls. He also found that some students send up to “300 text messages a day” (p. 7). If you include this type of phrase, then you do not need to include another parenthetical citation with the author name/year. (Just include the page numbers for any quotes.) 9) How do I cite a teacher’s lecture? / How do I cite lecture notes? (Teacher’s last name, First initial., year, personal communication) Example : (Galaska, J., 2018, personal communication) Personal Communication does NOT go on your References page, only in-text. 10) Do I need an abstract? It depends on your teacher/project. Check your assignment guidelines or email your professor if you are unsure. a. How do I write an abstract? 150 - 250 words. It should briefly explain the gist of your paper. Abstracts are used by readers/researchers to decide if the content of a paper is relevant to them. Write the abstract last, once you know the content of your entire paper.
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